This research evaluates the long-term asymmetric impacts of insecurity and corruption on the development of tourism in Nigeria using a non-linear ARDL (NARDL) method to analyze quarterly data for the 1996-2021 period. The cointegration test result provides an evidence of a long-term relationship among these three variables (corruption, insecurity and tourism development), along with exchange rate, income and infrastructure. The asymmetry test results reveal asymmetry between tourism development and both corruption and insecurity. The outcomes of the empirical exercise indicate that a positive shock to control of corruption (decline in corruption) fosters long-term tourism development, while a negative shock to control of corruption (increase in corruption) does not significantly explain long-term tourism development. In addition, a positive change in government expenditure on internal security (increase in internal insecurity) lowers long-term tourism development, but a negative change in government spending on internal security (decrease in internal insecurity) enhances long-term tourism development. Depreciation of the domestic currency promotes long-term tourism development. Thus, policies that reduce corruption and insecurity are recommended to promote long-term development of the tourism sector in Nigeria.

There are three purposes of this article, the first of which is to investigate the impact of non-interest income (NNII) on the profitability of banks assessed by both return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The second one is to investigate the impact of NNII on risk, assessed by the volatility of return on assets (SdROA) and the volatility of return on equity (SdROE). The final one is to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on bank profitability and risk. To achieve the above, the dynamic panel technique, a two-step GMM estimator, was used with the data of 25 deposit banks operating uninterruptedly from 2002 to 2021. The empirical results show that the NNII was positive and significantly correlated with ROA and ROE. The effect of NNII on the risk level appears to be negative and significantly related. In addition, during the COVID-19 period, it was determined that profitability decreased and risk increased. This shows that NNII is a vital shock absorber during an external shock. Therefore, it could be said that banks should attach importance to income diversification, and sector regulators should encourage innovation to create non-traditional products. Under the adverse conjuncture created by increasing public intervention and the pandemic, in recent years, Turkish banks have been encouraged to diversify their activities further rather than focus solely on traditional activities. NNII appears to be associated with higher profitability and lower risk.

The food sector has been one of the most affected economic areas due to the restrictions that were put in place to mitigate the spread of Covid-19 during the pandemic. The purpose of this body of research was to determine the factors that affected the profitability of Chilean small and medium-sized companies in the food sector, from a contingency perspective and from the standpoint of resources and capability. To do this, quantitative research was conducted with a sample of 59 companies. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicated that when firms made three or fewer workers redundant, the probability that their performance would improve or remain the same rose by 422%. On the other hand, for each additional decision the firm made, this likelihood fell by 51%. Technology and size were not relevant for these types of companies.

This study examines the internationalization strategies of Galician entrepreneurs and SMEs, focusing on early internationalization trends. The main objective is to develop a regulatory framework that enables entrepreneurs and established SMEs to approach foreign markets effectively. From a qualitative approach, the research analyzed data from Galician firms to construct the Galician Entrepreneurship Internationalization (GEI) matrix. Data were collected through surveys and supplemented from the Vigo Free Trade Zone database, covering exporting companies founded between 1999 and 2021. Qualitative analysis and matrix modeling were applied to categorize firms into distinct internationalization stages, considering factors such as market breadth, export intensity, and speed of entry. Four company profiles emerged from the analysis. The findings reveal that newer companies, influenced by technological advances and favorable public policies, tend to internationalize within a year of inception. The GEI Matrix offers valuable insights for public policymakers and business managers aiming to promote early internationalization.