The effect of socioeconomic factors, fear of crime and social mobilization on the evaluation of judiciary decisions
Barra de artigos
Contido principal do artigo
Resumo
Crimes related to sexual abuse and rape attract large social mobilizations, as happened following the assault on an 18-year-old woman at the San Fermín festival in Pamplona, Spain, by a group of men known as “la manada” (“the wolf pack” in English). Understanding how the aftermath of protests and socioeconomic factors influence the perceptions of fear of crime, safety and justice, measured as judiciary decisions, are the aims of this paper. A randomized sample collected in two periods was obtained (N=605), the first one (n1=454) performed after the judicial sentence of the case, the second (n2=151) four months later, after the social alarm had decreased. The perception of safety increased after the peak moments of the demonstrations. The trust in justice was low and fell after protesters had risen to the streets although its perception was greater among higher income earners. Hence, the perception of safety rises during social mobilizations but only improves for a short period of time whereas the effects on that of justice last for longer.
Palavras-chave:
plugins.generic.citations.citedby
Detalles do artigo
Dados de financiamento
-
Fundación Séneca
Números do Financiamento 27947/PI/22
Referências
AitBihiOuali, L., & Graham, D. J. (2021). The impact of the MeToo scandal on women’s perceptions of security. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 147, 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.02.018
Amigo, P. (2021). La ley “solo sí es sí” pondrá fin a la ‘impunidad’ de la industria proxeneta. El Confidencial. https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2021-07-06/solo-si-es-si-irene-montero-ley-libertad-sexual_3168216/
Anderson, R. E., Silver, K. E., Ciampaglia, A. M., Vitale, A. M., & Delahanty, D. L. (2021). The Frequency of Sexual Perpetration in College Men: A Systematic Review of Reported Prevalence Rates From 2000 to 2017. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(3), 481–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019860619
Aurrekoetxea-Casaus, M. (2020). San fermines #la manada case: An exploratory analysis of social support for victims of sexual violence on Twitter. Computers in Human Behavior, 108, 106299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106299
Ayuntamiento de Sevilla. (2017). Explotación estadística de los datos del Padrón de Habitantes y del Callejero. https://www.sevilla.org/servicios/servicio-de-estadistica/datos-estadisticos/explotacion-estadistica-padron
Bachman, R., Randolph, A., & Brown, B. L. (2011). Predicting Perceptions of Fear at School and Going to and from School for African American and White Students: The Effects of School Security Measures. Youth & Society, 43(2), 705–726. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X10366674
Beatley, M. (2019, April 23). The shocking rape trial that galvanised Spain’s feminists – and the far right. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/23/wolf-pack-case-spain-feminism-far-right-vox
Belair-Gagnon, V., Mishra, S., & Agur, C. (2014). Reconstructing the Indian public sphere: Newswork and social media in the Delhi gang rape case. Journalism, 15(8), 1059–1075. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913513430
Black, K. A., & Gold, D. J. (2008). Gender Differences and Socioeconomic Status Biases in Judgments About Blame in Date Rape Scenarios. Violence and Victims, 23(1), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.23.1.115
Blevins, J. L., Lee, J. J., McCabe, E. E., & Edgerton, E. (2019). Tweeting for social justice in #Ferguson: Affective discourse in Twitter hashtags. New Media & Society, 21(7), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819827030
Bolger, M. A., Lytle, D. J., & Bolger, P. C. (2021). What matters in citizen satisfaction with police: A meta-analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 72, 101760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101760
Brunton‐Smith, I., & Sturgis, P. (2011). Do neighborhoods generate fear of crime? An empirical test using the british crime survey. Criminology, 49(2), 331–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00228.x
Burt, M. R. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.217
Caliso, R. A. C. C., Francisco, J. P. S., & Garcia, E. M. (2020). Broad Insecurity and Perceived Victimization Risk. Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics, 32(2), 160–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0260107919829966
Callanan, V., & Rosenberger, J. S. (2015). Media, Gender, and Fear of Crime. Criminal Justice Review, 40(3), 322–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016815573308
Chadee, D., Smith, S., & Ferguson, C. J. (2019). Murder she watched: Does watching news or fictional media cultivate fear of crime? Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(2), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000158
Chaparro, L. F., Pulido, C., Rudas, J., Victorino, J., Reyes, A. M., Estrada, C., Narvaez, L. A., & Gómez, F. (2021). Quantifying Perception of Security through Social Media and Its Relationship with Crime. IEEE Access, 9, 139201–139213. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3114675
Chapin, J. R., & Pierce, M. (2012). Optimistic Bias, Sexual Assault, and Fear. The Journal of General Psychology, 139(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2011.635724
Chon, D. S., & Wilson, M. (2016). Perceived Risk of Burglary and Fear of Crime. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(3), 308–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X14551257
Comas, A. (2018, December 5). Manifestaciones contra la sentencia del ‘caso La Manada’, en imágenes. El País. https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/12/05/album/1544030702_036455.html
Cops, D., & Pleysier, S. (2011). “Doing Gender” in Fear of Crime: The Impact of Gender Identity on Reported Levels of Fear of Crime in Adolescents and Young Adults. British Journal of Criminology, 51(1), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azq065
Custers, K., Dorrance Hall, E., Bushnell Smith, S., & McNallie, J. (2017). The Indirect Association Between Television Exposure and Self-Protective Behavior as a Result of Worry About Crime: The Moderating Role of Gender. Mass Communication and Society, 20(5), 637–662. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2017.1317353
Custers, K., & Van den Bulck, J. (2013). The Cultivation of Fear of Sexual Violence in Women. Communication Research, 40(1), 96–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650212440444
Deka, D., Brown, C. T., & Sinclair, J. (2018). Exploration of the effect of violent crime on recreational and transportation walking by path and structural equation models. Health & Place, 52, 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.05.004
Díaz, J. (2020, June 26). Confirman la condena de tres años de cárcel a dos miembros de la Manada por grabar la violación de San Fermín. ABC. https://sevilla.abc.es/sevilla/sevi-confirman-condena-tres-anos-carcel-miembros-manada-grabar-violacion-san-fermin-202006251226_noticia.html
Durham, M. G. (2013). “Vicious Assault shakes Texas Town.” Journalism Studies, 14(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.657907
Etgar, T., & Prager, K. G. (2009). Advantages of Group Therapy for Adolescent Participants in the Same Gang Rape. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 18(3), 302–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538710902881329
Fedina, L., Holmes, J. L., & Backes, B. L. (2018). Campus Sexual Assault: A Systematic Review of Prevalence Research From 2000 to 2015. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(1), 76–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016631129
Ferraro, K. F. (1995). Fear of crime: Interpreting victimization risk (SUNY press. (ed.)).
Ferretti, F., Pozza, A., & Coluccia, A. (2019). Urban safety: A re-reading of the sense of unsafety through individual and ecological dimensions. European Journal of Criminology, 16(2), 188–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370818770766
Flecha, R., Tomás, G., & Vidu, A. (2020). Contributions From Psychology to Effectively Use, and Achieving Sexual Consent. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00092
Fleming, C. M., Manning, M., & Ambrey, C. L. (2016). Crime, greenspace and life satisfaction: An evaluation of the New Zealand experience. Landscape and Urban Planning, 149, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.12.014
Follingstad, D. R., Li, C. R., Chahal, J. K., & Renzetti, C. M. (2021). Students’ Perceptions of Justice: Application of Sanctions, Guilt, and Responsibility in Campus Sexual Assault Cases. Journal of Family Violence, 36(3), 307–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00129-5
Gangoli, G., Bates, L., & Hester, M. (2020). What does justice mean to black and minority ethnic (BME) victims/survivors of gender-based violence? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(15), 3119–3135. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1650010
Garcia Valdivia, A. (2019, June 22). “Wolf Pack” Case: Spain’s Supreme Court Finds The 5 Men Guilty Of Rape. Forbes.
Grewal, K. (2012). Australia, the Feminist Nation? Discourses of Gender, ‘Culture’ and Nation in the ‘K Brothers’ Gang Rapes. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 33(5), 509–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2012.701608
Haans, A., & de Kort, Y. A. W. (2012). Light distribution in dynamic street lighting: Two experimental studies on its effects on perceived safety, prospect, concealment, and escape. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(4), 342–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.05.006
Harlow, S. (2012). Social media and social movements: Facebook and an online Guatemalan justice movement that moved offline. New Media & Society, 14(2), 225–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444811410408
Hedh, A. (2018). Spain’s application of international standards on the definition of sexual violence in light of the recent “La Manada” case. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/28131/ANNA_HEDH/all-activities/plenary-speeches/8
Hicks, S., & Brown, S. (2013). Perceptions of risk. International Review of Victimology, 19(3), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758013492753
Hollis, M. E., Downey, S., del Carmen, A., & Dobbs, R. R. (2017). The relationship between media portrayals and crime: perceptions of fear of crime among citizens. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19(1), 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41300-017-0015-6
Hoolihan, E. C., & Thomas, K. J. (2020). The relationships between bonding social capital, personal belief in a just world and well-being: an analysis of a diverse student sample. Social Psychology of Education, 23(6), 1609–1626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-020-09596-6
Hoor-Ul-Ain, S. (2020). Public sexual harassment mayhem on public transport in megacities - Karachi and London: A comparative review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101420
Idoiaga Mondragon, N., Gil de Montes Echaide, L., Asla Alcibar, N., & Larrañaga Eguileor, M. (2020). “La Manada” in the digital sphere: coping with a sexual aggression case through Twitter. Feminist Media Studies, 20(7), 926–943. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2019.1643387
Intravia, J., Wolff, K. T., Paez, R., & Gibbs, B. R. (2017). Investigating the relationship between social media consumption and fear of crime: A partial analysis of mostly young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.047
Jalain, C. I., Andreescu, V., & Higgins, G. E. (2020). Fear of crime in France: a partial test of Ferraro’s risk interpretation model. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 22(4), 351–363. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41300-020-00101-x
Klein, L. B., & Martin, S. L. (2019). Sexual Harassment of College and University Students: A Systematic Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 152483801988173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019881731
Kumar, R., & Thapa, D. (2015). Social media as a catalyst for civil society movements in India: A study in Dehradun city. New Media & Society, 17(8), 1299–1316. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814523725
Larrondo, A., Morales-i-Gras, J., & Orbegozo-Terradillos, J. (2019). Feminist hashtag activism in Spain: measuring the degree of politicisation of online discourse on #YoSíTeCreo, #HermanaYoSíTeCreo, #Cuéntalo y #NoEstásSola. Communication & Society, 32(4), 207–221. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.32.4.207-221
Lee, M., Jackson, J., & Ellis, J. R. (2020). Functional and dysfunctional fear of crime in inner Sydney: Findings from the quantitative component of a mixed-methods study. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 53(3), 311–332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865820911994
Lodhia, S. (2015). From “living corpse” to India’s daughter: Exploring the social, political and legal landscape of the 2012 Delhi gang rape. Women’s Studies International Forum, 50, 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2015.03.007
Maestro, L. P., & Zamira, R. (2020, June 4). Spanish court hands four “wolf pack” members further prison terms over separate sexual assault. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/04/europe/spain-wolf-pack-prison-intl/index.html
Maruthaveeran, S., & van den Bosh, C. K. (2015). Fear of crime in urban parks – What the residents of Kuala Lumpur have to say? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(3), 702–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.05.012
Muñoz, J. (2019, August 8). La Manada cumplirá su condena en cárceles fuera de Sevilla. Diario de Sevilla. https://www.diariodesevilla.es/juzgado_de_guardia/actualidad/Manada-cumplira-condena-carceles-fuera-de-Sevilla_0_1380462159.html
Nalla, M. K., & Gurinskaya, A. (2020). Police legitimacy or risk-avoidance: what makes people feel safe? Journal of Crime and Justice, 45(1) 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2020.1852950
Näsi, M., Tanskanen, M., Kivivuori, J., Haara, P., & Reunanen, E. (2021). Crime News Consumption and Fear of Violence: The Role of Traditional Media, Social Media, and Alternative Information Sources. Crime & Delinquency, 67(4), 574–600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128720922539
Navarro, C., & Coromina, Ò. (2020). Discussion and mediation of social outrage on Twitter: The reaction to the judicial sentence of “La Manada.” Communication & Society, 33(1), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.33.1.93-106
News, B. (2019, July 21). Spain women: Top court rules Wolf Pack gang were rapists. BBC News.
Özascilar, M. (2013). Predicting fear of crime. International Review of Victimology, 19(3), 269–284. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758013492754
Pantazis, C. (2000). “Fear of Crime”, Vulnerability and Poverty. British Journal of Criminology, 40(3), 414–436. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/40.3.414
Parliament, E. (2018). Preguntas parlamentarias - Asunto: Sentencia de la manada. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2018-002589_ES.html
Podaná, Z., & Krulichová, E. (2018). The impact of parenting style on fear of crime among adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Youth Studies, 21(8), 1077–1094. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2018.1449945
Prieto Curiel, R., & Bishop, S. R. (2016). A metric of the difference between perception of security and victimisation rates. Crime Science, 5(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-016-0060-y
Prieto Curiel, R., Cresci, S., Muntean, C. I., & Bishop, S. R. (2020). Crime and its fear in social media. Palgrave Communications, 6(1), 57. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0430-7
Putrik, P., van Amelsvoort, L., Mujakovic, S., Kunst, A. E., van Oers, H., Kant, Ij., Jansen, M. W., & De Vries, N. K. (2019). Assessing the role of criminality in neighbourhood safety feelings and self-reported health: results from a cross-sectional study in a Dutch municipality. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 920. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7197-z
Redacción/Agencias. (2021). El Gobierno aprueba hoy la ley “solo sí es sí” con una nueva definición del consentimiento. La Vanguardia. https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20210706/7580479/ley-solo-si-es-si-aprueba-hoy-definicion-consentimiento.html
Redacción, B. M. (2018, April 28). Caso “La manada”: más de 30.000 personas salen a protestar contra polémica sentencia por abuso sexual en España. BBC Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-internacional-43940999
Riggs, S., & Cook, C. L. (2015). The Shadow of Physical Harm? Examining the Unique and Gendered Relationship Between Fear of Murder Versus Fear of Sexual Assault on Fear of Violent Crime. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(14), 2383–2409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514553117
Roberts, N. J. (2019). Gender, sexual danger and the everyday management of risks: The social control of young females. Journal of Gender-Based Violence, 3 (1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1332/239868018X15265563342670
Rodríguez, Á. (2020, July 3). The Wolfpack trial was a turning point in Spain, it could be another case but it was this one. History demanded it. Medium. https://medium.com/@SAHR_org/the-wolfpack-trial-was-a-turning-point-in-spain-it-could-be-another-case-but-it-was-this-one-75d8d188e121
Rogers, D. L., & Ferguson, C. J. (2011). Punishment and Rehabilitation Attitudes toward Sex Offenders Versus Nonsexual Offenders. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 20(4), 395–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2011.570287
Romo, V. (2019, June 21). Spain’s Supreme Court Reverses Earlier Decision, Convicts “Wolf Pack” Of Rape. NPR.
Roy, A. (2014). Critical Events, Incremental Memories and Gendered Violence. Australian Feminist Studies, 29(81), 238–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2014.959161
Sadler, A. G., Booth, B. M., & Doebbeling, B. N. (2005). Gang and multiple rapes during military service: health consequences and health care. Journal of the American Medical Women’s Association (1972), 60 (1), 33–41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16845766
Scherman Teitelboim, A., & Etchegaray Thielemann, N. (2013). News and fear of crime in Chile | Consumo de noticias y temor al delito en Chile. Estudios Sobre El Mensaje Periodistico, 19(1), 563–575. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev-ESMP.2013.v19.n1.42539
Shandilya, K. (2015). Nirbhaya’s Body: The Politics of Protest in the Aftermath of the 2012 Delhi Gang Rape. Gender & History, 27 (2), 465–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12134
Sharma, R., & Bazilli, S. (2014). Violence Against Women: What’s Law Got to Do With It? A Reflection on Gang Rape in India. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 3(3), 4–21. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v3i3.155
Silva, M. R., & Caetano, A. (2016). Organizational Justice Across Cultures: A Systematic Review of Four Decades of Research and Some Directions for the Future. In Social Justice Research, 29(3), 257–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-016-0263-0
Sironi, E., & Bonazzi, L. M. (2016). Direct Victimization Experiences and Fear of Crime: A Gender Perspective. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 22(2), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2016-0008
Snedker, K. A. (2012). Explaining the Gender Gap in Fear of Crime. Feminist Criminology, 7(2), 75–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085111424405
Snedker, K. A. (2015). Neighborhood Conditions and Fear of Crime. Crime & Delinquency, 61(1), 45–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128710389587
Sreetheran, M., & van den Bosch, C. C. K. (2014). A socio-ecological exploration of fear of crime in urban green spaces – A systematic review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.11.006
Thomas, K. J. (2018). Justice Perceptions and Demographics of Privilege Among Brazilian Adolescents. Psychological Reports, 121(6), 1086–1105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117745886
Thomas, K. J., & Mucherah, W. M. (2016). How fair is my world? Development of just world beliefs among Kenyan students. Journal of Adolescence, 49, 244–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.011
Ullman, S. E. (2007). Comparing Gang and Individual Rapes in a Community Sample of Urban Women. Violence and Victims, 22(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1891/vv-v22i1a003
Vieno, A., Roccato, M., & Russo, S. (2013). Is Fear of Crime Mainly Social and Economic Insecurity in Disguise? A Multilevel Multinational Analysis. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 23(6), 519–535. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2150
Warner, K. (2004). Gang Rape in Sydney: Crime, the Media, Politics, Race and Sentencing. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 37(3), 344–361. https://doi.org/10.1375/acri.37.3.344
Weldon, S. L., & Htun, M. (2013). Feminist mobilisation and progressive policy change: why governments take action to combat violence against women. Gender & Development, 21(2), 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2013.802158
Wijer-Hasegawa, Y. S. (2003). Ex-students of elite universities admit to gang rapes. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2003/09/18/national/ex-students-of-elite-universities-admit-to-gang-rapes/
Wikipedia. (n.d.). La Manada rape case. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Manada_rape_case
Worthington, N. (2013). “Culture Clash” in Phoenix. Journalism Studies, 14(6), 790–804. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.744553
Yuning Wu, Sun, I. Y., & Zongxian Wu. (2011). Support for the death penalty: Chinese and American college students compared. Punishment & Society, 13(3), 354–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474511404337
Zatkin, J., Sitney, M., & Kaufman, K. (2021). The Relationship Between Policy, Media, and Perceptions of Sexual Offenders Between 2007 and 2017: A Review of the Literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 1524838020985568. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020985568
Artigos mais lidos pelo mesmo (s) autor (es)
- Manuel Ruiz-Adame, Susana Martínez-Rodríguez, José Antonio Posada-Pérez, Erratum to “The effect of socioeconomic factors, fear of crime and social mobilization on the evaluation of judiciary decisions” [Revista Galega de Economía, Vol. 32, n. 3 (2023). https://doi.org/10.15304/rge.32.3.9274] , Revista Galega de Economía: v. 32 n. 3 (2023)