La gestión emprendedora social de los vínculos de las redes personales: ¿La utilización de redes sociales aumenta el uso de los recursos?

Barra lateral del artículo

XML (English) HTML (English) pdf (English)
Publicado: 26-07-2023

Contenido principal del artículo

Susana Bernardino
The Centre for Organisational and Social Studies of the Polytechnic of Porto (CEOS.PP), Portugal
Portugal
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1639-3553
J. Freitas Santos
The Centre for Organisational and Social Studies of the Polytechnic of Porto (CEOS.PP), Portugal
Portugal
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8233-5039
Pedro Silva
The Centre for Organisational and Social Studies of the Polytechnic of Porto (CEOS.PP), Portugal
Portugal
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2463-0408
Vol. 32 Núm. 2 (2023): Special Issue. Entrepreneurship in the age of the digital economy, Artículos, Páginas 1-33
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15304/rge.32.2.8590
Recibido: 28-07-2022 Aceptado: 14-02-2023 Publicado: 26-07-2023
Derechos de autoría Cómo citar

Resumen

Research on social entrepreneurship highlights how important resources are since a lack of them may undermine a social organization's activity and mission. To maintain or increase the amount of resources available, the social entrepreneur needs to manage his/her personal network linkages via social media to connect with current stakeholders and seek new ones. This research uses primary data collected from a survey of social organizations to see whether the social entrepreneur’s network reliance on social media increases the amount of resources available for the social organization. The primary data was collected between January and March 2020. The results obtained from 313 social organizations in Portugal show that the social entrepreneur’s network linkages have a direct and an indirect effect. Directly, managing the social entrepreneur’s linkages with stakeholders seems to attract resources for the social organization. The indirect effects occur via social media usage, firstly, by seeking and establishing relationships with new stakeholders, and secondly, by managing the personal linkages with the current network of stakeholders.

Palabras clave:

social organizations, social entrepreneur, network, social media, resources
Citado por

Detalles del artículo

plugins.generic.funding.fundingData

Referencias

Aldrich, H. E. & Zimmer, C. (1986). Entrepreneurship through networks, in Sexton, D. and Smilor, R. W. (Eds. Art and Science of Entrepreneurship (pp. 3-23). Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge. MA.

Aprilia, L., & Wibowo, S. (2017). The impact of social capital on crowdfunding performance, The South East Asian Journal of Management, 11(1), 44- 57.https://doi.org/10.21002/seam.v11i1.7737.

Atsan, N. (2019). Utilizing Social Networks in Social Entrepreneurship. In Iyigun, N. (Eds.), Creating Business Value and Competitive Advantage With Social Entrepreneurship (pp. 232-250). IGI Global. http://doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5687-9.ch011.

Austin, J., & Seitanidi, M. (2011). Value creation in business – Nonprofit collaborations. Social Enterprise Series, Harvard Business School Working Paper, 33.http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/12-019.pdf

Austin, J., Stevenson, H. & Wei-Skillern, J. (2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or both? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(1), 1-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00107.x

Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage, Journal of Management, 17 (1), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108.

Bauer, C., Guzmán, C. & Santos, F. (2012). Social capital as a distinctive feature of social economy firms. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8(4), 437-448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-012-0230-7.

Bernardino, S. & Freitas Santos, J. (2019). Network structure of the social entrepreneur: An analysis based on social organization features and entrepreneurs' demographic characteristics and organizational status, Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 10(3), 346-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2018.1543725.

Bernardino, S. Freitas Santos, J. & Fagundes, S. (2017). Papel do capital social no desenvolvimento de iniciativas sociais. European Journal of Applied Business and Management, Special Issue, 91-108. https://nidisag.isag.pt/index.php/IJAM/article/view/176.

Bhati, A. & McDonnell, D. (2020). Success in an Online Giving Day: The Role of Social Media in Fundraising. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 49(1), 74-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764019868849.

Birley, S. & Mac Millan, I. C (Eds) (1997). Entrepreneurship in a global context, London, Routledge.

Birley, S. (1985). The role of networks in the entrepreneurial process, Journal of Business Venturing, 1(1), 107-117.https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(85)90010-2.

Boase, J., Horrigan, J. B., Wellman, B., & Rainie, L. (2006). The strength of Internet ties. Pew Internet and American Life Project. http://www.pewinternet.org/.

Bojica, A. M.; Ruiz Jiménez, J. M.; Ruiz Nava; J. A.; & Fuentes-Fuentes, M. M. (2018) Bricolage and growth in social entrepreneurship organisations, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 30(3-4), 362-389, https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413768.

Bourdieu, P. (1986). Forms of capital. In Richardson, J. G. (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (241-258). Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x.

Burg, E., Elfring, T. &. Cornelissen, J. (2021). Connecting content and structure: A review of mechanismsin entrepreneurs’ social networks. International Journal of Management Reviews, 24(2), 188–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12272.

Byrne, B. M. (2016) Structural Equation Modelling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, 3rd ed. Routledge, London, UK.

Cao, Q., Lu, Y., Dong, D., Tang, Z., & Li, Y. (2013). The Roles of Bridging and Bonding in Social Media Communities. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 64(8), 1671 - 1681. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22866.

Chell, E. (2007). Social enterprise and entrepreneurship: Towards a convergent theory of the entrepreneurial process, International Small Business Journal, 25(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242607071779.

Cho, A. H. (2006). Politics, values and social entrepreneurship: a critical appraisal. In Mair, J, Robinson, J. & Kockerts, K. (Eds.). Social entrepreneurship (34-56). New York. Palgrave Macmillan.

Collier, J., (2020). Applied Structural Equation Modeling using AMOS - Basic to Advanced Techniques. Routledge Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003018414.

Constanzo, L.; Vurro, C. ; Foster, D.; Servato, F. & Perrini, F. (2014). Dual-Mission Management in Social Entrepreneurship: Qualitative Evidence from Social Firms in the United Kingdom. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(4), 655–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12128 .

Dangmei, J. (2016). Social entrepreneurship and social networks for sustainable rural development in India. Paripex – Indian Journal of Research, 5(10), 622-624. https://.www.doi.org/10.36106/paripex.

Dees, J. G. (2001). The meaning of “social entrepreneurship.” Center for the advancement of Social Entrepreneurship, Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, NC: http://www.fuqua.duke.edu/centers/case/documents/dees_SE.pdf.

Di Domenico, M., Haugh, H. & Tracey, P. (2010). Social bricolage: Theorizing social value creation in social enterprises. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(4), 681-703. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00370.x.

Di Lauro, S., Tursunbayeva, A., & Antonelli, G. (2019). How nonprofit organizations use social media for fundraising: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Business and Management, 14(7), 1. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v14n7p1.

Dodd, S., Jack, S. & Anderson, A. (2006). The mechanisms and processes of entrepreneurial networks: continuity and change. In: Entrepreneurship: Frameworks and Empirical Investigations from Forthcoming Leaders of European Research (Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth) (pp. 107-146), London.

Donath, J., & Boyd, D. (2004). Public displays of connection. BT Technology Journal, 22, 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BTTJ.0000047585.06264.cc.

Dufays, F. & Huybrechts, B. (2014) Connecting the Dots for Social Value: A Review on Social Networks and Social Entrepreneurship.Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 214-237. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BTTJ.0000047585.06264.cc.

Ellison N. B., Steinfield, C. & Lampe, C. (2007). The Benefits of Facebook “Friends:” Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Network Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4),1143-1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x

Ellison, N., Heino, R., & Gibbs, J. (2006). Managing impressions online: Self-presentation processes in the online dating environment. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(2), 415-441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00020.x

Finkbeiner, P. (2013). Social Media and Social Capital: A Literature Review in the field of knowledge management. International Journal of Management Cases, 15(4), 6-19. https://www.circleinternational.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/15.4.pdf#page=6.

Finney, Z., Lueg, J., & Campbell, N. (2008). Market pioneers, late movers, and the resource-based view (RBV): A conceptual model. Journal of Business Research, 61(9), 925-932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.09.023.

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312.

Foss, N., Knudsen, C., & Montgomery, C. (1995). An exploration of common ground: Integrating evolutionary and strategic theories of the firm. In C. Montgomery (Ed.), Resource-based on evolutionary theories of the firm (pp. 1-17), Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Galaskiewicz, J., Bielefeld, W. & Dowell, M. (2006). Networks and organizational growth: A study of community based nonprofits, Administrative Science Quartely, 51, 337-380. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.51.3.337.

Galunic, D. C., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (1994). Renewing the strategy structure-performance paradigm. Research in Organizational Behavior, 16, 215–55.

Ge, B., Hisrich, R. D. & Dong, B. (2009). Networking, Resource Acquisition, and the Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: An Empirical Study of Three Major Cities in China. Managing Global Transitions, 7(3), 221-239. http://www.fm-kp.si/zalozba/ISSN/1581-6311/7_221-239.pdf.

Gnyawali, D., Fan, W., & Penner, W. (2010). Competitive Actions and Dynamics in the Digital Age: An Empirical Investigation of Social Networking Firms. Information Systems Research, 21(3), 594 - 613. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1100.0294.

Gordon, J. (2014). A stage model of venture philanthropy. Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, 16 (2), 85-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691066.2014.897014.

Granovetter, M. (1983). The strength of weak ties: a network theory revisited, Sociological Theory, 1, 201–233. https://doi.org/10.2307/202051

Granovetter, M. (1985). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/225469.

Gravetter, F.J. & Wallnau, L.B. (2016). Statistics for the Behavioural Sciences, Cengage Learning, Boston.

Greve, A. & Salaff, J. W. (2003). Social networks and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.0.

Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2014) Multivariate data analysis, 7th Ed., Pearson Education Limited, London, UK.

Hampton, K., & Wellman, B. (2003). Neighboring in Netville: How the Internet supports community and social capital in a wired suburb. City & Community, 277–31.

Hampton, K., Lee, C., & Her, E. (2011). How new media affords network diversity: Direct and mediated access to social capital through participation in local social settings. New Media & Society, 13(7), 1031-1033. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810390342.

Hart, S., & Dowell, G. (2011). A natural-resource-based view of the firm: Fifteen years after. Journal of Management, 37(5), 1464-1479. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063103902.

Hernández-Carrión, C.; Camarero-Izquierdo, C. & Gutiérrez-Cillán, J. (2019). The internal mechanisms of entrepreneur´s social capital: A multi-network analysis, Business Research Quarterly, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brq.2018.12.001.

Herzog, P. S., & Yang, S. (2018). Social Networks and Charitable Giving: Trusting, Doing, Asking, and Alter Primacy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 47(2), 376–394. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764017746021

Hoang, H. & Antoncic, B. (2003). Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review, Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2), 165-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00081-2.

Huang, H-C; Lai, M-C & Lo, K-W (2012). Do founders' own resources matter? The influence of business networks on startup innovation and performance, Technovation, 32, 316-327.

Ihm, J. (2017). Classifying and Relating Different Types of Online and Offline Volunteering. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28, 400-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9826-9.

Jenssen, J. I. & Koenig, H. F. (2002). The effect of social networks on resource access and business start-ups. European Planning Studies, 10(8), 1039-1046. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965431022000031301.

Jenssen, J. I. (2001). Social networks, resources and entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2 (2), 103-109. https://doi.org/10.5367/0000000011012988.

Jiang, X., Liu, H., Fey, C. & Jiang, F. (2018). Entrepreneurial orientation, network resource acquisition, and firm performance: A network approach, Journal of Business Research, 87, 46-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.02.021

Johannisson, B. (1988). Business formation - a network approach. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 4(3), 83-99.https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-5221(88)90002-4.

Kang, L., Jiang, Q., & Tan, C-H. (2017). Remarkable Advocates: An Investigation of Geographic Distance and Social Capital for Crowdfunding. Information & Management, 54(3), 336-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2016.09.001.

Kavanaugh, A., Carroll, J. M., Rosson, M. B., Zin, T. T., & Reese, D. D. (2005). Community networks: Where offline communities meet online. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00266.x.

Killen, C., Jugdev, K., Drouin, N., & Petit, Y. (2012). Advancing project and portfolio management research: Applying strategic management theories. International Journal of Project Management, 30(5), 525–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2011.12.004.

Krebs, V. & Holley, J. (2006) Building smart communities through network weaving. Appalachian Center for Economic Networks: https://www.networkweaver.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/BuildingNetworks.pdf.

Krishnamurthy, S., & Dou, W. (2008), Advertising with user-generated content: A framework and research agenda. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 8(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2008.10722137.

Kuppuswamy, V. & Bayus, B.L. (2014). Crowdfunding creative ideas: The dynamics of project backers in Kickstarter. SSRN Working Paper No. 2234765. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2234765.

Lan, H.; Zhu, Y.; Ness, D.; Xing, K. & Schneider, K. (2014). The role and characteristics of social entrepreneurs in contemporary rural cooperative development in China: case studies of rural social entrepreneurship. Asia Pacific Business Review, 20(3), 379-400. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2014.929300

Leadbeater, C. (1997). The rise of the social entrepreneur. London: Demos.

Lehner, O. (2014). The formation and interplay of social capital in crowdfunded social ventures, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 26: 5-6, 478-499.

Littlewood, D. & Khan, Z. (2018), Insights from a systematic review of literature on social enterprise and networks: Where, how and what next?, Social Enterprise Journal, 14(4), 390-409. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-11-2018-068.

Mair, J. & Martí, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 36-44.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002.

Mair, J., & Noboa, E. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: How intentions to create a social venture are formed, in J. Mair, J., J. Robinson and K. Hockerts (Eds.), Social Entrepreneurship (pp. 121-135), New York, Palgrave Macmillan.

Martens, M. L., Jennings, J. E. & Jennings, P. D. (2007). Do the stories they tell get them the money they need? The role of entrepreneurial narratives in resource acquisition. Academy of Management Journal, 50(5), 1107-1132. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20159915.

Matcht, S. (2016). Putting “entrepreneurial finance education” on the map: Including social capital in the entrepreneurial finance curriculum, Education + Training, 58 (9), 984-1002.https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-08-2015-0068.

McKelvie, A., & Davidsson, P. (2009). From resource base to dynamic capabilities: An investigation of new firms. British Journal of Management, 20(1), 63-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2008.00613.x

Meyskens, M., Carsrud, A. and Cardozo, R. (2010). The symbiosis of entities in the social engagement network: The role of social ventures, Entrepreneurship Regional Development, 22(5), 425-455. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620903168299.

Miglietta, A., Romenti, S. & Sartore, A. (2015). Entrepreneurial narratives for resource acquisition in the Italian creative industries: a qualitative study. Sinergie, 33(98), 213-231. https://doi.org/10.7433/s98.2015.13.

Molloy, J., Chadwick, C., Ployhart, R., & Golden, S. (2011). Making intangibles “tangible” in tests of resource-based theory: A multidisciplinary construct validation approach. Journal of Management, 37(5), 1496-1518. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310394185.

Nga, J., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010). The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(2), 259-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0358-8.

Obschonka, M., Silbereisen, R., & Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2010). Entrepreneurial intention as developmental outcome. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.02.008

Parks, M. R., & Floyd, K. (1996). Making friends in cyberspace. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 1(4). http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol1/issue4/parks.html.

Paulsen, N. & McDonald, A. (2010). Doing social enterprise: A reflection and view from the field. Third Sector Review. 16(2), 109-126.

Picazo-Vela, S., Gutierrez-Martinez, I., & Luna-Reyes, L. (2012). Understanding Risks, Benefits, and Strategic Alternatives of Social Media Applications in the Public Sector. Government Information Quarterly, 29(4), 504-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2012.07.002

Roundy, P. T. (2014). The stories of social entrepreneurship: Narrative discourse and social enterprise resource acquisition. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 16(2), 200-218. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRME-06-2014-0009.

Rumelt, R., Schendel, D., & Teece, D. (1991). Strategic management and economics. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 5-29. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250121003.

Sakurai, M. (2008). Social entrepreneur and resource mobilization: the role of social capital, (Conference paper), ISTR 8th International Conference and 2nd EMES-ISTR European Conference, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Santos, J. F. (1998). Location of foreign firms in Portugal: A network approach, 38th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Europe Quo Vadis? - Regional Questions at the Turn of the Century". 28 August - 1 September 1998, Vienna, Austria (Available: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/113413).

Seelos, C., Mair, J., Battilana, J., & Dacin, M. (2011). The embeddedness of social entrepreneurship: Understanding variation across local communities, in Marquis, C., Lounsbury, M. & Greenwood, R. (Ed.) Communities and Organizations (pp. 333-363), Bingle y, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Shane, S. & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-225. https://doi.org/10.2307/259271.

Sharir, M. & Lerner, M. (2006). Gauging the success of social ventures initiated by individual social entrepreneurs, Journal of World Business, 41(1), 6-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.004.

Shu, R.; Ren, S., & Zheng, Y. (2018). Building networks into discovery: The link between entrepreneur network capability and entrepreneurial opportunity discovery, Journal of Business Research, 85, 197-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.048.

Skirnevskiy, V., Bendig, D., & Brettel, M. (2017). The Influence of Internal Social Capital on Serial Creators’ Success in Crowdfunding. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(2), 209–236. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12272

Slotte-Kock, S. & Coviello, N. (2010). Entrepreneurship Research on Network Processes: A Review and Ways Forward, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 34(1), 31-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.0031.

Smith, C. & Smith, B. (2021). Founders' uses of digital networks for resource acquisition: Extending network theory online. Journal of Business Research, 125, 466–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.032

Song, Y., Dana, L. & Berger, R. (2021). The entrepreneurial process and online social networks: Forecasting survival rate. Small Business Economics, 56, 1171–1190.

Stephens, S. (2021). Building an entrepreneurial network: The experience of business graduates. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 24(1), 1528-2651-24-1-700.

Stuart, T. E. & Sorenson, O. (2005). Social networks and entrepreneurship, in Alvarez, S., Agarwal, R. and Sorensen, O. (Eds). Handbook of entrepreneurship research: interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 233- 251), New York, Springer.

Sura, S., Ahn, J., & Lee, O. (2017). Factors influencing intention to donate via social network site (SNS): From Asian's perspective. Telematics and Informatics, 34(1), 164-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.04.007.

Thakkar, J. (2020). Structural Equation Modelling: Application for Research and Practice (with AMOS and R) (1st Ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3793-6.

Thompson, J., Alvy, G. & Lees, A. (2000). Social entrepreneurship: A new look at the people and the potential. Management Decision, 38(5), 328–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740010340517.

Tian, F.; Labban, A.Shearer, R. & Gai, Q. (2021). The impact of social media activity in nonprofit donations in China. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 32, 488-497.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-019-00168-7.

Tichy, N. M., Tushman, M. I. & Fombrun, C. (1979). Social networks analysis for organizations, Academy of Management Review, 4(4), 507-519. https://doi.org/10.2307/257851.

Urban, B. (2010). Creating value and innovation through social entrepreneurship. In Urban, B. (Ed.). Frontiers in Entrepreneurship (pp. 115-138). Johannsburg. Springer.

Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Guide to Best Practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(3), 219–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807.

Webster, C. & Ruskin, J. (2012). Social network analysis. In R. Seymour (Ed.), Handbook of Research Methods on Social Entrepreneurship (pp. 150-169), Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Wellman, B., Haase, A. Q., Witte, J., & Hampton, K. (2001). Does the Internet increase, decrease, or supplement social capital? Social networks, participation, and community commitment. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(3), 436–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027640121957286.

Witt, P. (2004). Entrepreneurs' networks and the success of startups, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16(5), 391-412. https://doi.org/10.1080/0898562042000188423.

Xu, W., & Saxton, G. D. (2019). Does stakeholder engagement pay off on social media? A social capital perspective. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 48(1), 28–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764018791

Zahra, S., Gedajlovic, E., Neubaum, D., & Shulman, J. (2009). A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 519–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.04.007.

Zeng, D., Chen, H., Lusch, R., & Li, S. (2010). Social Media Analytics and Intelligence. IEEE Computer Society, November/December, 13-16.

Zeng, D., Chen, H., Lusch, R., & Li, S. (2010). Social Media Analytics and Intelligence. IEEE Computer Society, November/December, 13-16.

Zhang, J., Soh, P. & Wong, P. (2010). Entrepreneurial resource acquisition through indirect ties: compensatory effects of prior knowledge, Journal of Management, 36(2), 511-536. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308329

Zhao, F., Barratt-Pugh, L., Standen, P., Redmond, J., & Suseno, Y. (2022). An exploratory study of entrepreneurial social networks in the digital age. Journal of Small Business and Enteprise Development, 29(1), 147-173. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-10-2020-0359.

Zhou, H. & Pan, Q. (2016). Information, Community, and Action on Sina-Weibo: How Chinese Philanthropic NGOs Use Social Media. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 27, 2433-2457. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26160632.