Main Article Content

Pere Mercadé-Melé
Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Economía Aplicada (Estadística y Econometría), Calle El Ejido 6, 29071 Málaga, España
Spain
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-0930
Jesús Barreal Pernas
Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de Economía Financiera y Actuarial y Estadística, Campus de Somosaguas, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, España
Spain
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1791-164X
Vol 30 No 3 (2021): Special Issue. The socioeconomic impact of cultural itineraries: "The Way of Saint James and Other Pilgrimage Routes”, Articles, pages 1-18
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15304/rge.30.3.7550
Submitted: 28-02-2021 Accepted: 03-06-2021 Published: 20-09-2021
Copyright How to Cite

Abstract

Tourist expenditure is an element that is gaining weight in the local economies of many regions throughout the world and that conditions income levels. This has a positive effect on local economies through the diversification of their traditional activities, but it also has an impact on the social and environmental context. This work carries out a latent class segmentation model (Latent Class Model -LCM) in which tourists who travelled to the region of Galicia for religious reasons are segmented in order to differentiate the groups, variables on personal characteristics and also on the activities they carried out were used. Six different groups were obtained by segmentation, showing significant differences between the variables of stay and daily expenditure. The study has important implications for management, as it helps to focus companies according to the attributes of international visitors and to relate them to their levels of expenditure

Cited by

Article Details

References

Agresti, A. (2002). Categorical Data Analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/0471249688

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

Almeida, F., Domínguez, J., e Mercadé-Melé, P. (2017). Image analysis of a tourist destination. En A. Correia, M. Kozak, J. Gnoth e A. Fyall (Eds.), Co-creation and well-being in tourism (pp. 93-104). Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.

Almeida-García, F., Domígunez-Azcue, J., Mercadé-Melé, P., e Pérez-Tapia, G. (2020). Can a destination really change its image? The roles of information sources, motivations, and visits. Tourism Management Perspectives, 34, 100662. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100662

Álvarez, M. Á., Fernández-López, S., Rey-Ares, L., e Castro-González, S. (2020). Capacitación y comportamiento financiero de la generación millennial en España. Revista Galega de Economía, 29(3), 1-20. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/rge.29.3.7045

Amaro, S., Antunes, A., e Henriques, C. (2018). A closer look at Santiago de Compostela's pilgrims through the lens of motivations. Tourism Management, 64, 271-280. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.09.007

Amoedo, J. M., e González, M. (2020). Identidade propia e industrias creativas e culturais. O caso das rexións europeas. Revista Galega de Economía, 29(3), 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15304/rge.29.3.6831

Barreal, J., Ferrer-Rosell, B., Cristóbal-Fransi, E., e Jannes, G. (2021). Influence of service valuation and package cost on market segmentation: The case of online demand for Spanish and Andorra ski resorts. Sustainability, 13(5), 2938. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052938

Belhassen, Y., Caton, K., e Stewart, W. P. (2008). The search for authenticity in the pilgrim experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 668-689. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.03.007

Camoiras-Rodríguez, Z., e Varela-Neira, C. (2020). Un análisis empírico de los factores que influyen en el boca a boca electrónico en las redes sociales tras una promoción de marca. Revista Galega de Economía, 29(1), 6123. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/rge.29.1.6123

Cànoves, G., e Romero, A. B. (2011). Turismo religioso en España: ¿la gallina de los huevos de oro? Una vieja tradición, versus un turismo emergente. Cuadernos de Turismo, 27, 115-131. Recuperado de: https://revistas.um.es/turismo/article/view/139791

Chambers, J. M., Freeny, A. E., e Heiberger, R. M. (1992). Analysis of variance; designed experiments. En J. M. Chambers e T. J. Hastie (Eds.), Statistical models in S (chapter 5). Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole Advanced Books & Software.

Chang, J. (2006). Segmenting tourists to aboriginal cultural festivals: An example in the Rukai tribal area, Taiwan. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1224-1234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.019

Chou, S.-F., Horng, J.-S., Liu, C.-H. S., e Lin, J.-Y. (2020). Identifying the critical factors of customer behavior: An integration perspective of marketing strategy and components of attitudes. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 55, 102113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102113

de Andrés, J., e González, L. (2020). Rentas mejoradas como complemento a la pensión pública de jubilación: análisis de su implantación en España. Revista Galega de Economía, 29(3), 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15304/rge.29.3.6649

Durán-Sánchez, A., Álvarez-García, J., del Río-Rama, M. C., e Oliveira, C. (2018). Religious tourism and pilgrimage: Bibliometric overview. Religions, 9(9), 249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9090249

Fleischer, A. (2000). The tourist behind the pilgrim in the Holy Land. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 19(3), 311-326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4319(00)00026-8

Gartner, W. C. (1994). Image formation process. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2(2-3), 191-216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v02n02_12

Girish, V. G., e Lee, C. K. (2020). Authenticity and its relationship with theory of planned behaviour: Case of Camino de Santiago walk in Spain. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(13), 1593-1597. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1676207

González, R.C.L., e López, L. (2020). The singularity of the Camino de Santiago as a contemporary tourism case. In P. Pileri e R. Moscarelli (Eds.), Cycling & walking for regional development. How slowners regenerates marginal areas (pp. 221-233). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44003-9

Gössling, S., Scott, D., e Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID- -19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708

Hollander, M., e Wolfe, D.A. (1973). Nonparametric statistical methods. New York, NY: Wiley.

INE. (2020a). Encuesta de Gasto Turístico (Egatur). Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Recuperado de: https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177002&menu=resultados&idp=1254735576863

INE. (2020b). Índice de Precios al Consumo (IPC). Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Recuperado de: https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176802&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735976607

Kotler, P. (2011). Reinventing marketing to manage the environmental imperative. Journal of Marketing, 75(4), 132-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.75.4.132

Kotler, P., Bowen, J. T., Makens, J., e Baloglu, S. (2017). Marketing for hospitality and tourism. Boston, MA: Pearson.

Koufodontis, N. I., e Gaki, E. (2020). Local tourism policy makers and e-image of destinations. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(8), 1037-1048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1584159

Lampreu, S. (2020). Estrategias de desarrollo territorial y turismo contra la despoblación de las áreas rurales en Cerdeña (Italia). Revista Galega de Economía, 29(2), 1-20. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/rge.29.2.6908

Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1950). The logical and mathematical foundations of latent structure analysis. En S. A. Stouer (Ed.), Measurement and prediction (pp. 362-412). New York, NY: Wiley.

Linzer, D. A., e Lewis, J. B. (2011). poLCA: An R package for polytomous variable latent class analysis. Journal of Statistical Software, 42(10), 1-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v042.i10

López del Ramo, J., e García Marco, F. J. (2018). El Camino de Santiago en los sitios web de las comunidades autónomas: análisis del contenido, orientación y encuadres temáticos predominantes. Revista General de Información y Documentación, 28(2), 703-726. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/RGID.62845

Marine-Roig, E., e Clavé, S. A. (2016). Destination image gaps between official tourism websites and user-generated content. En A. Inversini e R. Schegg (Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2016. Proceedings of the International Conference in Bilbao, Spain, February 2-5, 2016 (pp. 253-265). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28231-2

Marine-Roig, E., e Ferrer-Rosell, B. (2018). Measuring the gap between projected and perceived destination images of Catalonia using compositional analysis. Tourism Management, 68, 236-249.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.03.020

Mason, M. C., e Paggiaro, A. (2012). Investigating the role of festivalscape in culinary tourism: The case of food and wine events. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1329-1336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.12.016

Meng, B., e Choi, K. (2016). The role of authenticity in forming slow tourists' intentions: Developing an extended model of goal-directed behavior. Tourism Management, 57, 397-410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.07.003

Menguc, B., Auh, S., e Ozanne, L. (2010). The interactive effect of internal and external factors on a proactive environmental strategy and its influence on a firm's performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 94(2), 279-298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0264-0

Mercadé‐Melé, P., Fandos‐Herrera, C., e Velasco‐Gómez, S. (2021). How corporate social responsibility influences consumer behavior: An empirical analysis in the Spanish agrifood sector. Agribusiness, 37(3), 590-611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21693

Mercadé-Melé, P., Molina-Gomez, J., e Garay, L. (2019). To green or not to green: The influence of green marketing on consumer behaviour in the hotel industry. Sustainability, 11(17), 4623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174623

Mercadé-Melé, P., Molina-Gómez, J., e Sousa, M. J. (2020). Influence of sustainability practices and green image on the re-visit intention of small and medium-size towns. Sustainability, 12(3), 930. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030930

Míguez, L. (2020). Las medidas de mejora regulatoria como instrumento en la lucha contra la despoblación del medio rural en Galicia. Revista Galega de Economía, 29(2), 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15304/rge.29.2.6863

Millán, G., e Pérez, L. (2017). El turismo religioso en distintas zonas geográficas de España: características de los turistas. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 75, 29-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21138/bage.2491

Millán, M. G., Morales, E., e Pérez, L. M. (2010). El turismo religioso: estudio del Camino de Santiago. Gestión Turística, 13, 1. Recuperado de: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3744671

Molina-Gómez, J., Mercadé-Melé, P., Almeida-García, F., e Ruiz-Berrón, R. (2021). New perspectives on satisfaction and loyalty in festival tourism: The function of tangible and intangible attributes. PLOS ONE, 16(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246562

Molinillo, S., Mercadé-Melé, P., e de Noronha, T. (2020). Cause-related marketing influence on consumer loyalty in a medium-sized city. Sustainability, 12(9), 3632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093632

Oficina del Peregrino. (2018). Informe estadístico. Año 2018. Santiago de Compostela: Oficina del Peregrino. Recuperado de: http://oficinadelperegrino.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/peregrinaciones2018.pdf

Oviedo, L., de Courcier, S., e Farias, M. (2014). Rise of pilgrims on the Camino to Santiago: Sign of change or religious revival? Review of Religious Research, 56(3), 433-442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-013-0131-4

Patwardhan, V., Ribeiro, M. A., Payini, V., Woosnam, K. M., Mallya, J., e Gopalakrishnan, P. (2020). Visitors’ place attachment and destination loyalty: Examining the roles of emotional solidarity and perceived safety. Journal of Travel Research, 59(1), 3-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518824157

Pérez-Tapia, G., Mercadé-Melé, P., e Almeida-García, F. (2019). Corporate image and destination image: The moderating effect of the motivations on the destination image of Spain in South Korea. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(1), 70-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1541913

Prados-Peña, M.B., e del Barrio-García, S. (2018). The effect of fit and authenticity on attitudes toward the brand extension: The case of the Monumental Complex of the Alhambra and Generalife. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 31, 170-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2017.12.003

Prats, L. (2003). Patrimonio + turismo = ¿desarrollo? Pasos. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 1(2), 127-136. DOI: DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2003.01.012

R Core Team. (2018). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Recuperado de: https://www.R-project.org/

Rather, R. A. (2020). Customer experience and engagement in tourism destinations: The experiential marketing perspective. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 37(1), 15-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2019.1686101

Rinschede, G. (1992). Forms of religious tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(1), 51-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(92)90106-Y

Robles, J. (2001). Turismo religioso: alternativa de apoyo a la preservación del patrimonio y desarrollo. Revista Bibliográfica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, 6(316), 22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1344/b3w.6.2001.24762

Santos, X. M., e Trillo-Santamaría, J. M. (2017). Tourism and nation in Galicia (Spain). Tourism Management Perspectives, 22, 98-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.03.006

Shapiro, S. S., e Wilk, M. B. (1965). An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52(3-4), 591-611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2333709

UNWTO. (2018). El valor de los derechos humanos en el Camino de Santiago: potenciando el poder del turismo para promover el diálogo intercultural y la consecución de los ODS. Madrid: United Nations World Tourism Organization.

Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.

Wilcoxon, F. (1945). Individual comparisons by ranking methods. Biometrics, 1, 80-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3001968

Wu, J. S., Font, X., e Liu, J. (2021). The elusive impact of pro-environmental intention on holiday on pro-environmental behaviour at home. Tourism Management, 85, 104283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104283

Zhang, H., Song, H., Wen, L., e Liu, C. (2021). Forecasting tourism recovery amid COVID-19. Annals of Tourism Research, 87, 103149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103149