La gestión de residuos de plásticos en Marruecos: una reflexión sociológica sobre el sector informal en la economía circular

Barra lateral del artículo

pdf (Galego) xml (Galego) html (Galego) xml pdf html
Publicado: 10-11-2023

Contenido principal del artículo

Iria Vázquez Silva
Grupo de Estudios en Trabajo Social: Investigación y Tansferencia, Departamento de Sociología, Ciencia Política y de la Administración y Filosofía. Universidade de Vigo
España
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7702-0662
Biografía
Javier de Rivera Outomuro
Grupo Post-growth Innovation Lab., Departamento de Sociología, Ciencia Política y de la Administración y Filosofía, Universidade de Vigo
España
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7333-646X
Biografía
Vol. 33 Núm. 2 (2024): Special Issue. Circular economy, sustainability and degrowth, Artículos, Páginas 1-19
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15304/rge.33.2.9285
Recibido: 30-06-2023 Aceptado: 14-09-2023 Publicado: 10-11-2023
Derechos de autoría Cómo citar

Resumen

Este artículo presenta un estudio de caso sobre el vínculo entre la gestión de residuos de plásticos en Marruecos (principalmente en Casablanca y Rabat) y las divergentes condiciones laborales de los trabajadores (formales e informales) que conforman este sector, en el contexto de transformación del sector hacia la Economía Circular (EC). Para ello, tomamos en cuenta la perspectiva de múltiples expertos/as en la materia, así como de la administración pública encargada de gestionar el proceso de transición, el sector empresarial privado y los propios recolectores. Este enfoque nos permitió conocer las complejidades y matices de la transición de la gestión de residuos en Marruecos e identificar los principales retos en materia de justicia social asociados al cambio hacia una Economía Circular.

Palabras clave:

recolectores de residuos, economía circular, economía informal, justicia social, Marruecos
Citado por

Detalles del artículo

plugins.generic.funding.fundingData

Referencias

Chokhandre, P., Singh, S., & Kashyap, G.C. (2017). Prevalence, predictors and economic burden of morbidities among waste-pickers of Mumbai, India: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-017-0176-3

Cirelli, C., & Florin, B. (Eds.) (2015). Sociétés urbaines et déchets. Éclairages internationaux, Tours: Presses universitaires François-Rabelais.

Cirelli, C., Florin, B., & de Bercegol, R. (2019). Picturing Waste. Materials, bodies and practices. EchoGéo, 47, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.4000/echogeo.18549

Colombo, L. A., Pansera, M., & Owen, R. (2019). The discourse of eco-innovation in the European Union: An analysis of the Eco-Innovation Action Plan and Horizon 2020. Journal of Cleaner Production, 214, 653–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.150

Comisión Europea (2018). A European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, 28. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:2df5d1d2-fac7-11e7-b8f5-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF

Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. SAGE Publications.

Dias, S. M. (2016). Waste pickers and cities. Environment and Urbanization, 28(2), 375-390. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247816657302

Dahchour, A., & Hajjaji, S. E. (2020). Management of Solid Waste in Morocco. In A. M. Negm & N. Shareef (Eds.), Waste Management in MENA Regions (pp. 13–33). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18350-9

El Ghoufi, D., & Arib, F. (2019). L’innovation sociale, une réponse aux défis sociaux et environnementaux: cas d’une coopérative marocaine de recyclage de déchets. Repères et Perspectives Economiques, 3(2), 155 -174. https://doi.org/10.34874/IMIST.PRSM/RPE/16994

Ez-Zaouine, J., & Elouidani, A. (2019). Contribution de la sphere informelle a l’economie Marocaine: Quelles mesures de transition vers l’economie formale. Cas de la cooperative Attawafouk de tri des dechets. Revue Marocaine de recherche en management et marketing, 19, 279-302. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3679469

Fekri, A., Pineau, J.-L., Wahbi, M., Benbouziane, A., & Marrakchi, C. (2006). Les lixiviats de la décharge de déchets urbains de la ville de Casablanca (Maroc), une pollution annoncée. Environnement, Ingénierie & Développement, 42,4-6. https://doi.org/10.4267/dechets-sciences-techniques.1776

Fernández, L. & Chen, M. (2015, 4 de diciembre). Recycling Livelihoods. A Global Network Supports Waste Pickers in Latin America. ReVisTa. Harvard Review of Latin América, 2. https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/recycling-livelihoods/

Florin, B. (2015). Réforme, crise, ajustements et malentendus entre acteurs: quand la question des déchets deient un problème public. L’exemple du Caire (Égypte). En Cirelli, C., & Florin, B. (Eds.) Sociétés urbaines et déchets. Éclairages internationaux, Tours: Presses universitaires François-Rabelais, 239-268.

Florin, B. (2016). Les récupérateurs de déchets à Casablanca: L’«inclusion perverse» de travailleurs à la marge. Sociologie et Sociétés, 47(1), 73–96. https://doi.org/10.7202/1034419ar

Florin, B., Azaitraoui, M., & Garret, P. (2017). The small hands of Moroccan recycling. The Conversation. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01718517

Friant, M. C., Vermeulen, W. J., & Salomone, R. (2021). Analysing European Union circular economy policies: Words versus actions. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 337-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.11.001

Fundación Ellen MacArthur Foundation, & Foro Económico Mundial (2017). The New Plastics Economy – Catalysing Action. West Cowes, UK: Ellen MacArthur Foundation.

Garret, P., & Florin, B. (2018). Rien ne se perd, tout se récupère! Pour une reconnaissance des récupérateurs informels de Casablanca. Revue Urbanités 11, 1-23.

Genovese, A., & Pansera, M. (2021). The Circular Economy at a Crossroads: Technocratic Eco-Modernism or Convivial Technology for Social Revolution? Capitalism Nature Socialism, 32 (2), 95-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2020.1763414Ghisellini

Ghisellini, P.; Cialani, C., & Ulgiati, S. (2016). A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 11-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.007

Giampietro, M., & Funtowicz, S. O. (2020). From elite folk science to the policy legend of the circular economy. Environmental Science and Policy, 109, 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.04.012

Giannotta, A.K. (2022). Making Place for Waste: Governance Between the Formal and Informal by Casablancan Waste collection and Collectors. Diacronie. Studi di Storia Contemporanea, 44. https://www.studistorici.com/2020/12/29/giannotta_numero_44/

Harvey, D. (2018). Justicia, naturaleza y la geografía de la diferencia, Madrid: Traficantes de sueños.

Hoornweg, D., & Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). What a waste: A global review of solid waste management. Washington, D.C: The World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17388

ICEX, Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Rabat (2020). Gestión de residuos de plástico en Marruecos. https://www.icex.es/content/dam/es/icex/oficinas/097/documentos/2020/12/documentos-anexos/DOC2020866556.pdf.

Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., Narayan, R., & Law, K. L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), 768-771. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1260352

Jambeck, J., Hardesty, B. D., Brooks, A. L., Friend, T., Teleki, K., Fabres, J., Beaudoin, Y., Bamba, A., Francis, J., Ribbink, A. J., Baleta, T., Bouwman, H., Knox, J., & Wilcox, C. (2018). Challenges and emerging solutions to the land-based plastic waste issue in Africa. Marine Policy, 96, 256-263.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.10.041

Jasanoff, S. (2007). Technologies of humility. Nature, 450(7166), 33. https://doi.org/10.1038/450033a

Kaza, S., Yao, L. C., Bhada-Tata, P., &Van Woerden, F. (2018). What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. Urban Development. Washington, D.C: The World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/30317

Kirchherr, J., & van Santen, R. (2019). Research on the circular economy: A critique of the field. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 151, 104480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104480

Leslie, H.A., Leonards, Pim, Brandsma, S., Boer, J. & Jonkers, N. (2016). Propelling plastics into the circular economy- weeding out the toxics first. Environment International, 94, 230-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.012

Martínez, B., & Barca, S. (2023). Gender Justice and Circular Economy. https://just2ce.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Attachment_0.pdf

Medina, M. (2008). The informal recycling sector in developing countries: Organizing waste pickers to enhance their impact. Washington D.C: The World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/10586

MTEDD. Ministère de la Transition Énergetique et du development Durable (2022). L’écotaxe au service du développement de la filière de recyclage du plastique. http://www.environnement.gov.ma/fr/component/content/article?id=633

Pansera, M., Genovese, A., & Ripa, M. (2021). Politicising Circular Economy: what can we learn from Responsible Innovation? Journal of Responsible Innovation, 8(3), 471-477. https://doi.org/10.1080/23299460.2021.1923315

Parra, F. (2015). Reciclaje: ¡Sí, pero con recicladores! Gestión pública del aprovechamiento con inclusión de recicladores: Un nuevo paradigma en el manejo de los residuos en Bogotá, Colombia. Cambridge, Estados Unidos: Wiego.

Parra, F (2020). The Struggle of Waste Pickers in Colombia: From being considered trash, to being recognised as workers. Anti-Trafficking Review, 15, 122–136. https://doi.org/10.14197/atr.201220157

Pérez Orozco, A. (2014). Subversión de la economía feminista. Madrid: Traficantes de Sueños.

Portelli, S., & Lees, L. (2018). Eviction and Displacement from the Neighbourhood of Douar Wasti in Casablanca, Morocco. International Journal or Urban and Regional Research, The Urban Now, 1-4. https://www.ijurr.org/news/eviction-and-displacement-from-the-neighbourhood-of-douar-wasti-in-casablanca-morocco/

Rachid, A. (2020). Morocco’s Plastic Plague: A formal system… with informal connections. En Khouri, C. (Ed.) Plastic Atlas. Facts and figures about the world of synthetic polymers, 56-57. Berlín: Heinrich Böll Foundation. https://ps.boell.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/FINAL_Plastic%20Atlas%202020%20-%20English%20-%20DEC.pdf

Rip, A., & Voß, J.P. (2013). Umbrella terms as mediators in the governance of emerging science and technology. Science, technology & innovation studies, STI studies, (online), 9 (2), 39-59. https://depositonce.tu-berlin.de/items/57e11ef5-9a3c-432a-9819-85368ba64a10

Raveendran, G. & Vanek, J. (2020). Informal Workers in India: A Statistical Profile. Wiego Statistical Brief, 24. https://www.wiego.org/sites/default/files/publications/file/WIEGO_Statistical_Brief_N24_India.pdf

Rochman, C. M., Browne, M. A., Halpern, B. S., Hentschel, B. T., Hoh, E., Karapanagioti, H. K., Rios-Mendoza,L. R, Hideshige, S. T., & Thompson, R. C. (2013). Classify plastic waste as hazardous. Nature, 494(7436), 169-171. https://doi.org/10.1038/494169a

Schröder, P., & Barrie, J. (2022). Is going circular just? Environmental justice and just transition- key elements for an inclusive circular economy. Field Actions Science Reports. The Journal of Field Actions, Special Issue 24, 20-25. http://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/6864

Suárez-Eiroa, B., Fernández, E., & Méndez, G. (2021). Integration of the circular economy paradigm under the just and safe operating space narrative: Twelve operational principles based on circularity, sustainability and resilience. Journal of Cleaner Production, 322, 129071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129071

Wilson, D. C., Velis, C., & Cheeseman, C. (2006). Role of informal sector recycling in waste management in developing countries. Habitat International, 30(4), 797–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2005.09.005

Zwiers, J., Jaeger-Erben, M., & Hofmann, F. (2020). Circular literacy. A knowledge-based approach to the circular economy. Culture and Organization, 26(2), 121–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/14759551.2019.1709065