Exploring Marketing Maneuverability's Role in Linking Entrepreneurial Orientation and Marketing Performance

Article Sidebar

html xml pdf
Published: 03-10-2024

Main Article Content

Andi Setiawan
Doctoral Program in Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business Universitas Diponegoro, 5024
Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5411-3612
I Made Sukresna
Doctoral Program in Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business Universitas Diponegoro, 5024
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5411-3612
Vol 33 No 3 (2024), Articles, pages 9873
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15304/rge.33.3.9873
Submitted: 18-04-2024 Accepted: 26-05-2024 Published: 03-10-2024
Copyright How to Cite

Abstract

Based on the Resource-Advantage theory (R-A theory), this study attempts to develop a solid framework for marketing maneuverability (MM), which could be used as a lever to optimize the role of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and improve marketing performance (MP). This study develops MM in an effort to improve the MP of Madurese hairdressing salons, classified as small-medium enterprises (SMEs), in Central Java, Indonesia. In addition, MM strengthens the influence of service encounter value (SEV) and market penetration advantage (MPA) on marketing performance (MP). As a result, MM could help SMEs implement SEV and MPA, leading to enhanced MP. This study further explores the application of the R-A theory by verifying that MM improves MP due to its ability to align EO, SEV, and MPA.

Keywords:

Entrepreneurial orientation, Marketing maneuverability, Marketing performance, Small-medium enterprises
Cited by

Article Details

References

Abdelilah, B., El Korchi, A., & Balambo, M. A. (2018). Flexibility and agility: evolution and relationship. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 29(7), 1138–1162. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-03-2018-0090

Agag, G., Shehawy, Y. M., Almoraish, A., Eid, R., Chaib Lababdi, H., Gherissi Labben, T., & Abdo, S. S. (2024). Understanding the relationship between marketing analytics, customer agility, and customer satisfaction: A longitudinal perspective. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 77, 103663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103663

Agostini, L., Nosella, A., Sarala, R., & Nkeng, C. (2023). Emerging trends around strategic flexibility: a systematic review supported by bibliometric techniques. Management Decision, 62(13), 46–92. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-02-2023-0135

Alghamdi, OmarA., & Agag, G. (2024). Competitive advantage: A longitudinal analysis of the roles of data-driven innovation capabilities, marketing agility, and market turbulence. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 76, 103547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103547

Ali, F., Tauni, M. Z., & Ali, A. (2022). The Big Five dyad congruence and compulsive buying: A case of service encounters. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 68, 103007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103007

Alonso-Dos-Santos, M., & Llanos-Contreras, O. (2019). Family business performance in a post-disaster scenario: The influence of socioemotional wealth importance and entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Business Research, 101, 492–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.057

Amoedo, J. M., & Sánchez-Carreira, M. del C. (2023). Os efectos iniciais da Covid-19 nas desigualdades de renda en Galicia e a súa distribución na sociedade. Revista Galega de Economía, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.15304/rge.32.1.8551

Arslan, A., Kamara, S., Tian, A. Y., Rodgers, P., & Kontkanen, M. (2024). Marketing agility in underdog entrepreneurship: A qualitative assessment in post-conflict Sub-Saharan African context. Journal of Business Research, 173, 114488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114488

Asseraf, Y., & Shoham, A. (2019). Crafting strategy for international marketing: outside-in or inside-out? International Marketing Review, 36(6), 859–886. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-01-2018-0016

Audretsch, D. B., & Belitski, M. (2021). Knowledge complexity and firm performance: evidence from the European SMEs. Journal of Knowledge Management, 25(4), 693–713. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-03-2020-0178

Bachmann, J.-T., Ohlies, I., & Flatten, T. (2021). Effects of entrepreneurial marketing on new ventures’ exploitative and exploratory innovation: The moderating role of competitive intensity and firm size. Industrial Marketing Management, 92, 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.10.002

Bernoster, I., Mukerjee, J., & Thurik, R. (2020). The role of affect in entrepreneurial orientation. Small Business Economics, 54(1), 235–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0116-3

Boaventura, P. S. M., Abdalla, C. C., Araujo, C. L., & Arakelian, J. S. (2018). Value Co-Creation in the Specialty Coffee Value Chain: The Third-Wave Coffee Movement. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 58(3), 254–266. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-759020180306

Calvo Dopico, D., Del Castillo Puente, Á. M., & Arias Montero, S. R. (2021). Estrategias de marketing de marcas globales y locales en economías en desarrollo: un estudio comparativo en el mercado de chocolate de Ecuador. Revista Galega de Economía, 30(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.15304/rge.30.4.7824

Cao, G., & Tian, N. (2020). Enhancing customer-linking marketing capabilities using marketing analytics. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 35(7), 1289–1299. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-09-2019-0407

Chahal, H., Gupta, M., Lonial, S., & Raina, S. (2019). Operational flexibility-entrepreneurial orientation relationship: Effects and consequences. Journal of Business Research, 105, 154–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.08.011

Chen, Z., Yu, J., Dong, X., & Ren, Z. (2021). Three-dimensional cooperative guidance strategy and guidance law for intercepting highly maneuvering target. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 34(5), 485–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2020.12.014

Chereau, P., & Meschi, P.-X. (2019). The performance implications of the strategy–business model fit. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 26(3), 441–463. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-04-2018-0122

Ciabuschi, F., Baraldi, E., Lindahl, O., & Callegari, S. (2020). Supporting innovation against the threat of antibiotic resistance: Exploring the impact of public incentives on firm performance and entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Business Research, 112, 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.12.021

Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587

D’Angelo, A., & Presutti, M. (2019). SMEs international growth: The moderating role of experience on entrepreneurial and learning orientations. International Business Review, 28(3), 613–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.12.006

Demirci, E. Z., & Erkip, N. (2024). Integrating efforts for product development and market penetration. European Journal of Operational Research, 312(3), 927–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2023.07.017

Du, Y., & Kim, P. H. (2021). One size does not fit all: Strategy configurations, complex environments, and new venture performance in emerging economies. Journal of Business Research, 124, 272–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.11.059

Eckstein, G., Shrestha, A., Sassenberg, A.-M., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2023). Marketing agility in volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA) contexts: a systematic literature review and future research agenda. Management Review Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-023-00382-0

Fellnhofer, K. (2019). Entrepreneurially oriented employees and firm performance: mediating effects. Management Research Review, 42(1), 25–48. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-01-2017-0009

Ferreira, J., Coelho, A., & Moutinho, L. (2020). Dynamic capabilities, creativity and innovation capability and their impact on competitive advantage and firm performance: The moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation. Technovation, 92–93, 102061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2018.11.004

Fliess, S., & Volkers, M. (2019). Trapped in a service encounter. Journal of Service Management, 31(1), 79–114. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-01-2019-0013

Genc, E., Dayan, M., & Genc, O. F. (2019). The impact of SME internationalization on innovation: The mediating role of market and entrepreneurial orientation. Industrial Marketing Management, 82, 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.01.008

Geyi, D. G., Yusuf, Y., Menhat, M. S., Abubakar, T., & Ogbuke, N. J. (2020). Agile capabilities as necessary conditions for maximising sustainable supply chain performance: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Production Economics, 222, 107501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.09.022

Ghantous, N., & Alnawas, I. (2020). The differential and synergistic effects of market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation on hotel ambidexterity. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 55, 102072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102072

Gupta, G., & Bose, I. (2019). Strategic learning for digital market pioneering: Examining the transformation of Wishberry’s crowdfunding model. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, 865–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.06.020

Gupta, V. K., Niranjan, S., & Markin, E. (2020). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: the mediating role of generative and acquisitive learning through customer relationships. Review of Managerial Science, 14(5), 1123–1147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-019-00327-6

Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. C. (2022). Multivariate Data Analysis. Cengage Learning. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=PONXEAAAQBAJ

Hair, J., Hollingsworth, C. L., Randolph, A. B., & Chong, A. Y. L. (2017). An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(3), 442–458. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-04-2016-0130

Hair Jr, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMDA.2017.087624

Hunt, S. D., & Madhavaram, S. (2020). Adaptive marketing capabilities, dynamic capabilities, and renewal competences: The “outside vs. inside” and “static vs. dynamic” controversies in strategy. Industrial Marketing Management, 89, 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.07.004

Iheanachor, N., Umukoro, I. O., & David-West, O. (2021). The role of product development practices on new product performance: Evidence from Nigeria’s financial services providers. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 164, 120470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120470

Iqbal, M., Mawardi, M. K., Sanawiri, B., Alfisyahr, R., & Syarifah, I. (2023). Strategic orientation and its role in linking human capital with the performance of small and medium enterprises in Indonesia. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 25(3), 514–542. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRME-11-2021-0150

Joly, M. P., Teixeira, J. G., Patrício, L., & Sangiorgi, D. (2019). Leveraging service design as a multidisciplinary approach to service innovation. Journal of Service Management, 30(6), 681–715. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-07-2017-0178

Kapferer, J.-N. M., & Valette-Florence, P. (2018). The impact of increased brand penetration on luxury desirability: a dual effect. Journal of Brand Management, 25(5), 424–435. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-018-0091-7

Katsikea, E., Theodosiou, M., & Makri, K. (2019). The interplay between market intelligence activities and sales strategy as drivers of performance in foreign markets. European Journal of Marketing, 53(10), 2080–2108. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-06-2017-0402

Khan, M., Rathore, K., & Sial, M. (2020). Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises: Mediating Effect of Entrepreneurial Competencies. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences. 14(2), 508–528.

Kottika, E., Özsomer, A., Rydén, P., Theodorakis, I. G., Kaminakis, K., Kottikas, K. G., & Stathakopoulos, V. (2020). We survived this! What managers could learn from SMEs who successfully navigated the Greek economic crisis. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 352–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.021

Ladhari, R., Souiden, N., & Dufour, B. (2017). The role of emotions in utilitarian service settings: The effects of emotional satisfaction on product perception and behavioral intentions. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 34, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.09.005

Ledesma-Chaves, P., Arenas-Gaitán, J., & Garcia-Cruz, R. (2020). International expansion: mediation of dynamic capabilities. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 38(5), 637–652. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-05-2019-0269

Lee, S.-Y., Sweeney, J. C., & Soutar, G. N. (2020). Emotion regulation in service encounters: are customer displays real? Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 30(2), 171–194. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTP-12-2018-0285

Lim, S., & Kim, S. T. (2023). The relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and success of foodservice business: effects of religion. Service Business, 17(1), 429–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-023-00521-3

Liu, C. L. (Eunice), Zhang-Zhang, Y., & Ghauri, P. N. (2020). The influence of internet marketing capabilities on international market performance. International Marketing Review, 37(3), 447–469. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-04-2018-0146

Liu, Z., Geng, R., Tse, Y. K. (Mike), & Han, S. (2023). Mapping the relationship between social media usage and organizational performance: A meta-analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 187, 122253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122253

Luo, J. (Gemma), Wong, I. A., King, B., Liu, M. T., & Huang, G. (2019). Co-creation and co-destruction of service quality through customer-to-customer interactions. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(3), 1309–1329. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2017-0792

Mainardes, E. W., Cisneiros, G. P. de O., Macedo, C. J. T., & Durans, A. de A. (2022). Marketing capabilities for small and medium enterprises that supply large companies. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 37(1), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-07-2020-0360

McGowan, P. (2021). Use of effectuation by established micro businesses: short-term gain, long-term pain? Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 36(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-01-2020-0055

Medase, K., & Barasa, L. (2019). Absorptive capacity, marketing capabilities, and innovation commercialisation in Nigeria. European Journal of Innovation Management, 22(5), 790–820. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-09-2018-0194

Mohammad Shafiee, M. (2022). Competitive advantage via intellectual capital: a moderated mediation analysis. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 23(5), 957–997. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-05-2020-0152

Monteiro, A. P., Soares, A. M., & Rua, O. L. (2019). Linking intangible resources and entrepreneurial orientation to export performance: The mediating effect of dynamic capabilities. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 4(3), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2019.04.001

Moroni-Cutovoi, I. T. (2021). An examination of competitive strategy in buyer-supplier relationships for remanufacturing. Journal of Remanufacturing, 11(2), 147–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13243-020-00097-5

Nicholls, R., & Gad Mohsen, M. (2019). Managing customer-to-customer interaction (CCI) – insights from the frontline. Journal of Services Marketing, 33(7), 798–814. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-11-2018-0329

Niu, Y., Deng, F., & Hao, A. W. (2020). Effect of entrepreneurial orientation, collectivistic orientation and swift Guanxi with suppliers on market performance: A study of e-commerce enterprises. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.04.020

Nuryakin, & Ardyan, E. (2018). SMEs’ marketing performance: the mediating role of market entry capability. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 20(2), 122–146. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRME-03-2016-0005

Paparoidamis, N. G., Tran, H. T. T., & Leonidou, C. N. (2019). Building Customer Loyalty in Intercultural Service Encounters: The Role of Service Employees’ Cultural Intelligence. Journal of International Marketing, 27(2), 56–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069031X19837950

Park, C., & Kim, Y. (2003). A framework of dynamic CRM: linking marketing with information strategy. Business Process Management Journal, 9(5), 652–671. https://doi.org/10.1108/14637150310496749

Pedada, K., Arunachalam, S., & Dass, M. (2020). A theoretical model of the formation and dissolution of emerging market international marketing alliances. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48(5), 826–847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00641-1

Peterson, R. A., & Crittenden, V. L. (2020). Exploring customer orientation as a marketing strategy of Mexican-American entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Research, 113, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.059

Presutti, M., & Odorici, V. (2019). Linking entrepreneurial and market orientation to the SME’s performance growth: the moderating role of entrepreneurial experience and networks. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15(3), 697–720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0533-4

Pyper, K., Doherty, A. M., Gounaris, S., & Wilson, A. (2019). Investigating international strategic brand management and export performance outcomes in the B2B context. International Marketing Review, 37(1), 98–129. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-02-2019-0087

Rigtering, C., Niemand, T., Phan, V., & Gawke, J. (2024). Intrapreneurs, high performers, or hybrid stars? How individual entrepreneurial orientation affects employee performance. Journal of Business Research, 176, 114596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114596

Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2024). SmartPLS 4. SmartPLS. https://www.smartpls.com

Robinson, S., Orsingher, C., Alkire, L., De Keyser, A., Giebelhausen, M., Papamichail, K. N., Shams, P., & Temerak, M. S. (2020). Frontline encounters of the AI kind: An evolved service encounter framework. Journal of Business Research, 116, 366–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.08.038

Roy, S. K., Balaji, M. S., Soutar, G., & Jiang, Y. (2020). The Antecedents and Consequences of Value Co-Creation Behaviors in a Hotel Setting: A Two-Country Study. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 61(3), 353–368. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965519890572

Rožman, M., Tominc, P., & Štrukelj, T. (2023). Competitiveness Through Development of Strategic Talent Management and Agile Management Ecosystems. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 24(3), 373–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-023-00344-1

Rubio-Andrés, M., Linuesa-Langreo, J., Gutiérrez-Broncano, S., & Sastre-Castillo, M. Á. (2024). How to improve market performance through competitive strategy and innovation in entrepreneurial SMEs. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-024-00947-9

Rwehumbiza, D., & Marinov, M. A. (2020). Development of entrepreneurial orientation of export manufacturers from emerging economies. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(2), 667–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00580-x

Salah, O. H., & Ayyash, M. M. (2024). E-commerce adoption by SMEs and its effect on marketing performance: An extended of TOE framework with ai integration, innovation culture, and customer tech-savviness. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10(1), 100183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100183

Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J. H., Becker, J. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 27(3), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AUSMJ.2019.05.003

Sendawula, K., Kisubi, M. K., Najjinda, S., Nantale, H., & Kabbera, S. (2023). The efficacy of entrepreneurial networking and innovation in fostering the performance of small businesses in Uganda. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-023-00358-0

Singh, S. H., Bhowmick, B., Eesley, D., & Sindhav, B. (2021). Grassroots innovation and entrepreneurial success: Is entrepreneurial orientation a missing link? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 164, 119582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.02.002

Söderlund, M., & Mattsson, J. (2019). Thinking about service encounters boosts talking about them. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 36(4), 506–515. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-04-2018-2655

Sok, P., Snell, L., Lee, W. J. (Thomas), & Sok, K. M. (2017). Linking entrepreneurial orientation and small service firm performance through marketing resources and marketing capability. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 27(1), 231–249. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTP-01-2016-0001

Valentini, T., Roederer, C., & Castéran, H. (2024). From redesign to revenue: Measuring the effects of servicescape remodeling on customer lifetime value. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 77, 103681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103681

Varadarajan, R. (2023). Resource advantage theory, resource based theory, and theory of multimarket competition: Does multimarket rivalry restrain firms from leveraging resource Advantages? Journal of Business Research, 160, 113713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113713

Verhulst, N., Slabbinck, H., & Vermeir, I. (2019). Boosting service performance by dark chocolate seduction. Journal of Services Marketing, 33(5), 576–588. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-01-2019-0026

Wali, B., Khattak, A. J., & Karnowski, T. (2020). The relationship between driving volatility in time to collision and crash-injury severity in a naturalistic driving environment. Analytic Methods in Accident Research, 28, 100136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amar.2020.100136

Weerawardena, J., Mort, G. S., & Liesch, P. W. (2019). Capabilities development and deployment activities in born global B-to-B firms for early entry into international markets. Industrial Marketing Management, 78, 122–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2017.06.004

Widya-Hasuti, A., Mardani, A., Streimikiene, D., Sharifara, A., & Cavallaro, F. (2018). The Role of Process Innovation between Firm-Specific Capabilities and Sustainable Innovation in SMEs: Empirical Evidence from Indonesia. Sustainability, 10(7), 2244. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072244

Wu, S., Luo, Y., Zhang, H., & Cheng, P. (2024). Entrepreneurial bricolage and entrepreneurial performance: The role of business model innovation and market orientation. Heliyon, 10(4), e26600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26600

Xu, Y., Shieh, C.-H., van Esch, P., & Ling, I.-L. (2020). AI Customer Service: Task Complexity, Problem-Solving Ability, and Usage Intention. Australasian Marketing Journal, 28(4), 189–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2020.03.005

Yacob, S., Sulistiyo, U., Marzal, J., Siregar, A. P., & Mukminin, A. (2023). An Investigation of Entrepreneurial Orientation, Social Media Adoption and E-commerce on MSME Business Performance: An Empirical Study in Indonesia. Revista Galega de Economía, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.15304/rge.32.3.9001

Zahoor, N., Tarba, S., Arslan, A., Ahammad, M. F., Mostafiz, M. I., & Battisti, E. (2023). The impact of entrepreneurial leadership and international explorative-exploitative learning on the performance of international new ventures. Asia Pacific Journal of Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-023-09926-0