Main Article Content

Ana María Neira Pena
Universidade da Coruña
Spain
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6562-8208
Biography
Vol. 48 No. Ext. (2025): Criminalidad medioambiental, Articles, pages 1-30
https://doi.org/10.15304/epc.48.10939
Submitted: 2025-10-01| Published: 2026-02-05

Abstract

This paper analyzes the insufficiency of environmental procedural protection in Spain in the face of increasingly severe ecological damage. The current framework, centered on individual harm, proves ineffective for protecting supra-individual rights. Two critical limitations are identified: the sector-specific regulation of collective actions in the Spanish Civil Procedure Act (LEC), which excludes environmental organizations from defending diffuse interests, and the restrictions on the "popular action" (acción popular) within criminal proceedings regarding claims for remediation. Consequently, two essential reforms are proposed. First, the regulation of a comprehensive system of collective actions in the LEC that grants explicit procedural standing to environmental organizations. Second, the implementation of restorative justice in environmental crimes, leveraging the strategic opportunity provided by the 9th Additional Provision of the Criminal Procedure Act (LECrim). This approach prioritizes self-responsibility and ecosystem restoration, suggesting that the suspension of penalties for legal entities be conditioned upon strict compliance with restorative agreements to ensure effective reparation.