Main Article Content

Daniela Gaddi
Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
Spain
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-8551
Vol 43 (2023), Articles, pages 1-30
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15304/epc.43.9181
Submitted: 27-04-2023 Accepted: 03-07-2023 Published: 10-11-2023
Copyright How to Cite

Abstract

Summary: This article analyses the potential of restorative justice to repair the loss of social trust as a specific social harm caused by corruption. To this aim, we conceptually delimitate the notions of corruption and social trust, describe how corruption deteriorates social trust, and examine the factors that do or do not make restorative justice capable of working as an effective trust repair strategy. The article closes with some proposals for the implementation of a restorative justice approach to corruption.

Cited by

Article Details

References

AERTSEN, I.: “Environmental Restorative Justice: Activating Synergies”, en PALI, B. / FORSYTH, M. / TEPPER, F. (eds.): The Palgrave Handbook of Environmental Restorative Justice. Palgrave Macmillan: Cham, 2022, pp. 667-691. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-04223-2_26

ANDERSSON, S. / HEYWOOD, P.M.: “The politics of perception: use and abuse of Transparency International's approach to measuring corruption”, en Political Studies, Vol. 57, 2009, pp. 746-767. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00758.x

ARTÉS CASELLES, J. / JIMÉNEZ GONZÁLEZ, J.L.: “Efectos políticos y económicos de los escándalos de corrupción y de su difusión pública”, en RODRIGUEZ GARCÍA, N. / RODRÍGUEZ LÓPEZ, F. (Coords.): Corrupción y Desarrollo. Tirant lo Blanch, 2017, pp. 45-69

BAUER, P.C. / FREITAG, M. (2018): “Measuring trust”, en USLANER E.M. (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust. Oxford University Press: New York, 2018, pp. 15-36. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.1

BAUHR, M. / CHARRON, N. (2020): “Do men and women perceive corruption differently? Gender differences in perception of need and greed corruption”, en Politics and Governance, Vol. 8, N. 2, pp. 92-102. doi: 10.17645/pag.v8i2.2701

BEILMANN, M. / LILLEOJA, L. / REALO, A.: “Learning to trust: trends in generalized social trust in the three Baltic countries from 1990 to 2018”, en ALMAKAEVA, A. / MORENO, A. / WILKES, R. (eds.): Social capital and subjective well-being: insights from cross-cultural studies. Springer: Cham, 2021, pp. 19-43. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-75813-4_2

BILBAO, G. / SÁEZ DE LA FUENTE, I.: “Protagonismo de víctimas en los procesos de reconciliación en Euskadi”, en MARTÍN, A. / RODRÍGUEZ, M.D.P. (eds): Tras las huellas del terrorismo en Euskadi: justicia restaurativa, convivencia y reconciliación. Dykinson: Madrid, 2019, pp. 65-88

BRAGA DA SILVA, C.F.: “Comparing Institutional Responses to the Mining Tailings Dams Collapses in Mariana and Brumadinho (Brazil) from an Environmental Restorative Justice Perspective”, en PALI, B. / FORSYTH, M. / TEPPER, F. (eds.): The Palgrave Handbook of Environmental Restorative Justice. Palgrave Macmillan: Cham, pp. 617-642. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-04223-2_24

BRAITHWAITE, J.: “Principles of restorative justice”, en von HIRSCH, A. / ROBERTS, J.V / BOTTOMS, A.E / ROACH, K. / SCHIFF, M. (eds.): Restorative justice and criminal justice: Competing or reconcilable paradigms. Portland y Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2003, pp. 1-20

BRAITHWAITE, J.: Macrocriminology and Freedom. ANU Press, 2022

CEVA, E. / FERRETTI M.P.: “Upholding public institutions in the midst of conflicts: the threat of political corruption” en Ethics & Global Politics, Vol. 14, N. 3, 2021a, pp. 163-182. doi: 10.1080/16544951.2021.1961379

CEVA, E. / FERRETTI M. P.: Political Corruption. The Internal Enemy of Public Institutions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021b

CHARRON, N. / ANNONI, P.: “What is the influence of news media on people’s perception of corruption? Parametric and non-parametric approaches”, en Social Indicators Research, Vol. 153, N. 3, 2021, pp. 1139-1165. doi: 10.1007/s11205-020-02527-0

DE LANCER JULNES, P. / VILLORIA, M.: “Understanding and addressing citizens’ perceptions of corruption: the case of Spain”, en International Review of Public Administration, Vol. 19, N. 1, 2014, pp. 23-43. doi: 10.1080/12294659.2014.887295

DELLA PORTA, D. / VANNUCCI, A.: The hidden order of corruption. An institutional approach. Routledge: London and New York, 2012

DINCER, O. / JOHNSTON, M.: Legal corruption?, en Public Choice, Vol. 184, 2020, pp. 219–233. doi: 10.1007/s11127-020-00832-3

DINESEN, P.T. / HOOGHE, M.: “When in Rome, Do as the Romans Do: The Acculturation of Generalized Trust among Immigrants in Western Europe”, en The International Migration Review, Vol. 44, N. 3, 2010, pp. 697–727. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2010.00822.x

DOMÍNGUEZ RUIZ, I.E. / ROIHA, M. / JUBANY, O.: “Restorative solutions for anti-LGBT victimisation experiences: potential pathways for victims’ wellbeing and key challenges and needs”, en Culture, Health & Sexuality, Vol. ahead-of-print, N. ahead-of-print, 2022, pp. 1–14. doi: 10.1080/13691058.2022.2105401

DORMAELS, A.: “Perceptions of corruption in Flanders: surveying citizens and police. A study on the influence of occupational differential association on perceptions of corruption”, en Policing and Society, Vol. 25, N. 6, 2015, pp. 596-621. doi: 10.1080/10439463.2014.895351

DOYLE, M.C.: “Circles of Trust: Using Restorative Justice to Repair Organizations Marred by Sex Abuse”, en Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, Vol. 14, N. 2, 2014, pp. 175-201. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/drlj/vol14/iss2/2

D’SOUZA, N. / L’HOIRY, X.: “An Area of Untapped Potential? The Use of Restorative Justice in the Fight Against Serious and Organized Crime: A Perception Study”, en Criminology & Criminal Justice, Vol. 21, N. 2, 2021, pp. 224–241. doi: 10.1177/174889581985837

FARRELL, H.: “Institutions and midlevel explanations of trust”, en COOK, K. / LEVI, M. / HARDIN, R. (eds): Whom can we trust?: How groups, networks, and institutions make trust possible. Russel Sage Foundation, 2009, pp. 127-148. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610446075

FORSYTH, M.: “Turning Up the Restorative Dial in Environmental Regulation with an Adaptive Learning Loop”, en PALI, B. / FORSYTH, M. / TEPPER, F. (eds.): The Palgrave Handbook of Environmental Restorative Justice. Palgrave Macmillan: Cham, 2022. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-04223-2_7

FÜZÉR, K.: “The Social Theory of Trust and the Sociological Theory of Social Capital”, en Belvedere Meridionale, Vol. 28, N. 1, 2016, pp. 132–139. doi: 10.14232/belv.2016.1.9.

GADDI, D. / RODRÍGUEZ PUERTA, M.J.: “Towards a restorative justice approach to white-collar crime and supra-individual victimisation”, en The International Journal of Restorative Justice, Vol. 5, N. 2, 2022, pp. 215-236. doi: 10.5553/TIJRJ.000116

GAMBETTA, D.: “Can we trust trust?”, en GAMBETTA, D. (ed.). Trust: Making and breaking cooperative relations. Basil Blackwell: New York, 1988, pp. 213-237

GRAEFF, P. “Why should one trust in corruption? The linkage between corruption, norms and social capital”, en LAMBSDORFF, J.G. / TAUBE M. / SCHRAMM M.: The New Institutional Economics of Corruption. Routledge: London, 2005, pp. 40-58. doi: 10.4324/9780203413920

HECKSCHER, C.: Trust in a complex world: Enriching community. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2015

HELLMAN, D.: “Defining corruption and constitutionalizing democracy”, en Michigan Law Review, Vol. 111, N. 8, 2013, pp. 1385-1422. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23814008

HEYMANN, P. B.: “Democracy and corruption”, en Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 20, 1996, pp. 323-346. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj/vol20/iss2/1

HEYWOOD, P.: “Corruption in Contemporary Spain”, en PS: Political Science & Politics, Vol. 40, N. 4, 2007, pp. 695-699. doi:10.1017/S1049096507071119

JIMÉNEZ, F.: “The politics of scandal in Spain: Morality plays, social trust, and the battle for public opinion”, en ºº, Vol. 47, N. 8, 2004, pp. 1099-1121. doi: 10.1177/0002764203262279

JIMÉNEZ VILLAREJO, C.: “La corrupción”, en El Ciervo, Vol. 52, N. 633, 2003, pp. 10–13

JIMÉNEZ VILLAREJO, C.: “Democracia Contra Corrupción”, en Revista de Fomento Social, N. 204, 1996, pp. 469-484. doi: 10.32418/rfs.1996.204.2629.

KARP, D.R. / SCHACHTER, M.: “Restorative justice in universities. Case studies of what works with restorative responses to student misconduct”, en GAVRIELIDES, T. (ed.): Routledge International Handbook of Restorative Justice. Routledge: London, 2018, pp. 247-263. doi: 10.4324/9781315613512

KLITGAARD, R.: Controlling Corruption. University of California Press, 1988. doi: 10.1525/9780520911185

KURCZEWSKI, J.: “Is a Sociology of Corruption Possible?”, en SKĄPSKA, G. / ORLA-BUKOWSKA, A. / KOWALSKI, K. (eds.): The Moral Fabric in Contemporary Societies. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2003, pp. 157-164. doi: 10.1163/9789047402299_012

KURER, O.: “Corruption: An Alternative Approach to its Definition and Measurement”, en Political Studies, Vol. 53, N. 1, 2005, pp. 222–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00525.x

KURER, O.: “Definitions of corruption”, en HEYWOOD, P.M. (ed.): Routledge Handbook of Political Corruption. Routlegde: London, 2015, pp. 30-41

LARRAURI PIJOAN, E.: “Tendencias actuales de la justicia restauradora”, en Estudios De Derecho, Vol. 61, N. 138, 2004, pp. 55–85. doi: 10.17533/udea.esde.332219

LONDON, R.: Crime, punishment and restorative justice. A Framework for Restoring Trust. Wipfs & Stock: Eugene, 2011

LUHMANN, N.: Trust and power. Polity Press: Cambridge, 2017 (ed. or. 1979)

MALEM SEÑA, J. F.: Pobreza, corrupción, (in) seguridad jurídica. Marcial Pons Ediciones Jurídicas y Sociales: Madrid, 2017

MAYER, R. C. / DAVIS, J. H. / SCHOORMAN, F. D.: “An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust”, en The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, N. 3, 1995, pp. 709–734. doi: 10.2307/258792

NAVOT, D. / BEERI, I.: “Conceptualization of political corruption, perceptions of corruption, and political participation in democracies”, en Lex Localis, Vol. 15, N. 2, 2017, pp. 199-219. doi: 10.4335/15.2.199-219(2017)

NEILD R. R.: Public corruption: the dark side of social evolution. Anthem: London, 2002

NIETO MARTÍN, A.: “Autorregulación, «compliance» y justicia restaurativa”, en ARROYO JIMÉNEZ, L. / NIETO MARTÍN, A.: Autorregulación y sanciones (2ª ed). Aranzadi: Cizur Menor, 2015, pp. 99-134

NYE, J.S.: “Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis”, en The American Political Science Review, Vol. 61, N. 2, 1967, pp. 417-427. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1953254

OFICINA ANTIFRAU DE CATALUNYA: La corrupció a Catalunya: Percepcions i actituds ciutadanes. Baròmetre 2022. Disponible en: https://www.antifrau.cat/sites/default/files/Documents/Recursos/barometre-2022-informe-resultats.pdf

PHILP, M.: “The definition of political corruption”, en HEYWOOD, P. (ed.): Routledge Handbook of Political Corruption. New York Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group, 2015, pp. 17-29

POZSGAI-ALVAREZ, J.: “The abuse of entrusted power for private gain: meaning, nature and theoretical evolution”, en Crime, Law and Social Change, Vol. 74, 2020, pp. 433–455. doi: 10.1007/s10611-020-09903-4

PUJOL REVERTER, B.: Restorative justice in universities: is restorative justice a viable alternative to conflict resolution in UAB? [Trabajo de Fin de Grado, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona]. Repositorio de la UAB, 2022. https://ddd.uab.cat/record/264068

PUTNAM, R.D.: “The Prosperous Community”, en The American Prospect, Vol. 4, N. 13, 1993, pp. 35–42

PUTNAM, R.D.: Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon & Schuster: New York, 2000

QUERALT JIMÉNEZ, J. J.: “Reflexiones marginales sobre la corrupción”, en Crítica penal y poder, N. 2, 2012, pp. 18-35

RODRÍGUEZ PUERTA, M. J.: “El derecho de las víctimas colectivas a participar en encuentros restaurativos. Una análisis a partir de algunos delitos económicos”, en Revista electrónica de ciencia penal y criminología, Vol. 22, n. 14, 2020, pp. 1-42. http://criminet.ugr.es/recpc/22/recpc22-14.pdf

RODRÍGUEZ PUERTA, M. J.: “Comentario al art. 286 ter”, en QUINTERO OLIVARES, G. (Dir.) / MORALES PRATS, F. (Coord.): Comentariosal Código penal español. Thomson Reuters Aranzadi: Cizur Menor, 2016, pp. 427-438

RODRÍGUEZ PUERTA, M.J. / GADDI, D.: La posible aplicación de la justicia restaurativa en la delincuencia económica en la fase de enjuiciamiento: una exploración empírica. Centro de Estudios Jurídicos y Formación Especializada, Generalitat de Catalunya, 2022. https://cejfe.gencat.cat/es/recerca/cataleg/crono/2022/aplicacio_justicia_restaurativa_enjudicament/index.html

ROSE, J.: “The Meaning of Corruption: Testing the Coherence and Adequacy of Corruption Definitions” en Public Integrity, Vol. 20, N. 3, 2018, pp. 220-233. doi: 10.1080/10999922.2017.1397999

ROSE, R. / PEIFFER, C.: “Understanding Corruption in Different Contexts”, en: GRIMM, H. (ed.) Public Policy Research in the Global South. Springer: Cham, 2019, pp. 27-41. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-06061-9_3

ROTHSTEIN, B.: “What Is the Opposite of Corruption?”, en Third World Quarterly, Vol. 35, N. 5, 2014, pp. 745–746. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2014.921424

ROTHSTEIN, B.: “Corruption and Social Trust: Why the Fish Rots from the Head Down”, en Social Research, Vol. 80, N. 4, 2013, pp. 1009-1032. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24385649

ROTHSTEIN, B.: The quality of government: Corruption, social trust, and inequality in international perspective. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 2011

ROTHSTEIN, B.: Social Traps and the Problem of Trust (Theories of Institutional Design). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2005. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511490323

ROTHSTEIN, B. / EEK, D.: “Political Corruption and Social Trust: An Experimental Approach”, en Rationality and Society, Vol. 21, N. 1, 2009, pp. 81–112. doi: 10.1177/1043463108099349

ROTHSTEIN, B. / STOLLE, D.: “The State and Social Capital: An Institutional Theory of Generalized Trust”, en Comparative Politics, Vol. 40, N. 4, 2008, pp. 441-459. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20434095

ROTHSTEIN, B. / USLANER, E.: “All for All: Equality, Corruption, and Social Trust”, en World Politics, Vol. 58, N. 1, 2005, pp. 41-72. doi: 10.1353/wp.2006.0022

SHARMA, K. / SCHOORMAN, F. D. / BALLINGER, G. A.: “How Can It Be Made Right Again? A Review of Trust Repair Research”, en Journal of Management, Vol. 49, N. 1, 2022, pp. 363–399. doi: 10.1177/01492063221089897

SINGH, T.B.: “A social interactions perspective on trust and its determinants”, en Journal of Trust Research, Vol. 2, N. 2, 2012, pp. 107-135. doi: 10.1080/21515581.2012.708496

SOULOU, K.: “A brief European overview of restorative justice (RJ) in criminal cases: Current developments and challenges”, en Pro Justitia: Ηλεκτρονική Επετηρίδα Νομικής Σχολής ΑΠΘ, Vol. 3, 2020, pp. 87-96. doi: 10.26262/pj.v3i3.7823

SØNDERSKOV, K. M. / DINESEN, P. T.: “Trusting the state, trusting each other? The effect of institutional trust on social trust”, en Political Behavior, Vol. 38, N. 1, 2016, pp. 179-202. doi: 10.1007/s11109-015-9322-8

SPARLING, R. A.: “Impartiality and the Definition of Corruption”, en Political Studies, Vol. 66, N. 2, 2018, pp. 376–391. doi: 10.1177/0032321717722360

STRAKER, C.: “Conclusion: the restorative city – a challenge about means and ends”, en The International Journal of Restorative Justice, Vol. 2, N. 2, 2019, pp. 325-331. doi: 10.5553/IJRJ/258908912019002002013

SUTHERLAND, E.H.: “White-Collar Criminality”, en American Sociological Review, Vol. 5, N. 1, 1940, pp. 1-12

TAMARIT SUMALLA, J. M.: “El lenguaje y la realidad de la justicia restaurativa”, en Revista de Victimología/Journal of Victimology, Vol. 10, 2020, pp. 43-70. doi: 10.12827/RVJV.10.02

TEACHOUT, Z.: “The anti-corruption principle”, en Cornell Law Review, Vol. 94, N. 2, 2009, pp. 341-414. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/clqv94&i=345

THOMAS W. I. / THOMAS D. S.: Child in america: behavior problems and programs. Knopf: New York, 1928. https://archive.org/details/childinamerica00thom/page/n9/mode/2up?view=theater&q=consequences

THOMPSON, D. F.: “Theories of institutional corruption”, en Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 21, 2018, pp. 495-513. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-120117-110316

TING-AN-XU, L. / WEN-JONG, J. / CHILIK, Y: “Understanding Corruption with Perceived Corruption: The Understudied Effect of Corruption Tolerance”, en Public Integrity, Vol. 25, N. 2, 2022, pp. 207-2019. doi: 10.1080/10999922.2022.2029095

TVERDOVA, Y.: “See No Evil: Heterogeneity in Public Perceptions of Corruption”, en Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 44, N. 1, 2011, pp. 1-25. doi: 10.1017/S0008423910001101

UNDERKUFFLER, L.: “1. Exploring Corruption: The Inadequacies of Traditional Theories”, en UNDERKUFFLER, L.: Captured by Evil: The Idea of Corruption in Law. Yale University Press: New Haven, 2013a, pp. 7-53. doi: 10.12987/9780300195309-003

UNDERKUFFLER, L.: “2. The Idea of Corruption: Toward a Deeper Understanding”, en UNDERKUFFLER, L.: Captured by Evil: The Idea of Corruption in Law. Yale University Press: New Haven, 2013b, pp. 54-73. doi: 10.12987/9780300195309-004

USLANER, E.M.: The moral foundations of trust. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2002. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511614934

USLANER, E.M.: “The consequences of corruption”, en HEYWOOD, P.M. (ed.): Routledge Handbook of Political Corruption. Routledge: Abingdom, 2015, pp. 199-211

VAN DE WALLE, S.: “Perceptions of corruption as distrust? Cause and effect in attitudes towards government”, en HUBERTS, L. / JURKIEWICZ, C. / MAESSCHALCK, J. (eds.): Ethics and integrity and the politics of governance. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, 2008, pp. 215-236

VAN DER MEER, T. W.: “Economic performance and political trust”, en USLANER, E.M. (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2018, pp. 599-616. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.16

VASILESCU, C.: “Building a restorative city; what aims and processes?”, en The International Journal of Restorative Justice, Vol. 6, N. 1, 2023, pp. 119-126

VASILESCU, C.M.: “Participatory Governance and Restorative Justice: What Potential Blending in Environmental Policymaking?”, en PALI, B. / FORSYTH, M. / TEPPER, F. (eds.): The Palgrave Handbook of Environmental Restorative Justice. Palgrave Macmillan: Cham, 2022, pp. 171-200. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-04223-2_8

VILLORIA MENDIETA, M.: Combatir la corrupción. Editorial Gedisa: Barcelona, 2019. eLibro, https://elibro.net/es/lc/uab/titulos/126727

VILLORIA MENDIETA, M.: “La corrupción en España: rasgos y causas esenciales”, en Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine, Vol. 15, 2015, pp. 1-20. doi: 10.4000/ccec.5949

VILLORIA MENDIETA, M. / JIMÉNEZ, F.: “La corrupción en España (2004-2010): datos, percepción y efectos”, en Reis. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, Vol. 138, 2012, pp. 109-134. doi: 10.5477/cis/reis.138.109

WALGRAVE, L.: “Positive criminology, criminology of trust and restorative justice”, en Restorative Justice. An International Journal, Vol. 4, N. 3, 2016, pp. 424-434. doi: 10.1080/20504721.2016.1243858

WALGRAVE, L.: Restorative justice, self-interest and responsible citizenship. Willan Publishing: Cullompton, 2008

WARREN, M.E.: “What Does Corruption Mean in a Democracy?”, en American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 48, N. 2, 2004, pp. 328–343. doi: 10.2307/1519886

WORLD BANK: Anticorruption Fact Sheet. 19 febrero 2020. Disponible en: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2020/02/19/anticorruption-fact-sheet?qterm_test=corruption

YI, C., & HU, S.: “Does internet access increase the perception of corruption?”, en Crime, Law and Social Change, Vol. 77, N. 3, 2022, pp. 275-303. doi: 10.1007/s10611-021-09987-6

YOU, J.: “Trust and corruption”, en USLANER, E.M. (Ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust. Oxford University Press (online edition), 2017, pp. 473-496. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.22