A consolidación electoral do desequilibrio territorial e identitario en España (2008-2019)
Barra de artigos
Contido principal do artigo
Resumo
O cambio do sistema de partidos e a profundización destos na crise territorial no periodo posterior á Gran Recesión de 2008 fan interesante explorar tamén a polarización da cidadanía no eixo centro-periferia e a configuración do novo espazo electoral con respecto a este eixo. O propósito deste artigo é coñecer cómo se distribúen as estructuras identitarias e as preferencias sobre a organización territorial do Estado das bases electorais dos partidos españois baixo o novo contexto político-electoral. Para elo, agréganse os estudos post-electorais do CIS de 2008 a 2019, que se exploran de forma gráfica e mediante regresións loxísticas multinomiais. As nosas achegas confirman que o deterioro apuntado por Jiménez e Navarro (2015) para as eleccións de 2011 non foi coxuntural, senón que se trata dunha tendencia que se consolida dende 2015, estabilizándose ata 2019. Especificamente, consolídase a erosión do apoio ao Estado das autonomías e aumenta de xeito xeral o apoio centralismo. Esta erosión non vai acompañada, sen embargo, dunha desvinculación xeralizada das identidades compartidas, aínda aumenten as identidades nacionais exclusivas. En canto ao novo sistema de partidos, as bases electorais dos partidos polarízanse en gran medida en canto ás súas preferencias sobre a organización territorial do Estado, pero non así coa identidade nacional.
Palabras chave
Citado por
Detalles do artigo
Citas
ALONSO, Sonia, Laura CABEZA y Braulio GÓMEZ (2015). “Parties’ electoral strategies in a two-dimensional political space: Evidence from Spain and Great Britain”. Party Politics, 21(6), 851-865. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068815597576
AMAT, Francesc (2012). “Party competition and preferences for inter-regional redistribution in Spain”. South European Society and Politics, 17(3), 449-465. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2012.701897
BARREIRO, Belén (2018). “Vox y la identidad vulnerable”. El País.
BARTOLINI, Stefano y Peter MAIR (1990). “Policy competition, spatial distance and electoral instability”. West European Politics, 13(4), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389008424816
BASTA, Karlo (2018). “The state between minority and majority nationalism: Decentralization, symbolic recognition, and secessionist crises in Spain and Canada”. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 48(1), 51-75. https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjx048
BILLIG, Michael (1995) Banal nationalism, Londres, Sage.
BONET, Eduard; Santiago PÉREZ-NIEVAS y María José HERNÁNDEZ (2010). “España en las urnas: territorialización del voto e identidad nacional en las elecciones de 2008”. En MONTERO, José Ramón e Ignacio LAGO-PEÑAS (eds.). Elecciones generales 2008, pp. 331-364. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS).
BORNSCHIER, Simon (2010). ‘The New Cultural Divide and the Two-Dimensional Political Space in Western Europe”. West European Politics, 33, 419-444. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402381003654387
BROWN, David (1998). “Why is the Nation‐State so Vulnerable to Ethnic Nationalism?” Nations and Nationalism, 4(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1354-5078.1998.00001.x
BRUBAKER, Rogers (1996). “Nationalizing states in the old ‘New Europe’–and the new”. Ethnic and Racial studies, 19(2), 411-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1996.9993918
COLOMER, Josep M., y Riccardo PUGLISI (2005). “Cleavages, issues and parties: a critical overview of the literature”. European political science, 4(4), 502-520. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210054
CONVERSI, Daniele (1995). “Reassessing current theories of nationalism: nationalism as boundary maintenance and creation”. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 1(1), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537119508428421
CORDERO, Guillermo (2014). “De los clivajes sociales al voto religioso en Europa”. Revista de estudios políticos, (164), 213-236.
CORDERO, Guillermo y José Ramón MONTERO (2015). “Against Bipartyism, Towards Dealignment? The 2014 European Election in Spain”. South European Society and Politics, 20 (3), 357-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2015.1053679
DEEGAN-KRAUSE, Kevin (2007). New dimensions of political cleavage. Oxford handbook of political behaviour, 538-556. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.003.0028
DINAS, Elias (2012). “Left and right in the Basque Country and Catalonia: The meaning of ideology in a nationalist context”. South European Society and Politics, 17(3), 467-485. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2012.701898
DOWNS, Anthony (1973 [1957]). Teoría económica de la democracia. Aguilar.
ELKINS, Zachary y John SIDES (2007). “Can institutions build unity in multiethnic states? “American Political Science Review, 101(4), 693-708. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055407070505
ERK, Jan y Lawrence ANDERSON (2009). “The paradox of federalism: does selfrule accommodate or exacerbate ethnic divisions?”. Regional & Federal Studies, 19(2), 191-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597560902753388
EVANS, Geoffrey (2000). “The continued significance of class voting”. Annual review of political science, 3(1), 401-417. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.3.1.401
FERNÁNDEZ-ALBERTOS, José (2002). “Votar en dos dimensiones: el precio del nacionalismo y la ideología en el comportamiento electoral vasco, 1993-2001”. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, (6), 153-181.
FERREIRA, Carles (2020). Nation-building in a Multinational State: Between Majority and Minority Aspirations. 50 Shades of Federalism.
FRANKLIN, Mark; Thomas MACKIE y Henry VALEN (2009). “Electoral change: Responses to evolving social and attitudinal structures in Western countries”. ECPR Press.
FRANZÉ, Javier (2016). “El 26J como fin de ciclo: en torno a la crisis orgánica y la relación entre populismo e instituciones”. La Circular.
GAGNON, Alain-G. (2020). “Majority, State Nationalism, and New Research Pathways”. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 26(1), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2020.1716445
GELLNER, Ernest (2008). Nations and nationalism. Cornell University Press.
GUIBERNAU, Montserrat. (2006). “National identity, devolution and secession in Canada, Britain and Spain”. Nations and Nationalism, 12(1), 51-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2005.00230.x
HECHTER, Michael (2000). Containing nationalism. OUP Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/019924751X.001.0001
HOOGHE, Liesbet y Gary MARKS (2009). “A postfunctionalist theory of European integration: From permissive consensus to constraining dissensus”. British journal of political science, 39(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123408000409
HUTTER, Swen; Hanspeter KRIESI y Guillem VIDAL (2018). “Old versus new politics: The political spaces in Southern Europe in times of crises”. Party Politics, 24(1), 10-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068817694503
IGLESIAS, Pablo (2015). “Spain On Edge”, New Left Review, 93, 23-42 in Western Europe’, West European Politics, 33(3), 419–44
INGLEHART, Ronald (1971). “The silent revolution in Europe: Intergenerational change in post-industrial societies”. American political science review, 65(4), 991-1017. https://doi.org/10.2307/1953494
JIMÉNEZ-SÁNCHEZ, Manuel y Luis NAVARRO-ARDOY (2015). “Las huellas electorales del nacionalismo español. Identificación territorial y voto en los partidos políticos de ámbito estatal, 1980-2013”. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 73(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2012.02.12
KEDAR, Orit (2005). “When moderate voters prefer extreme parties: Policy balancingin parliamentary elections”. American Political Science Review, 99(2), 185-199. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051592
KITSCHELT, Herbert y Staf HELLEMANS (1990). “The left-right semantics and the new politics cleavage”. Comparative Political Studies, 23(2), 210-238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414090023002003
KLINGEMANN, Hans D. (1972). “Testing the left-right continuum on a sample of German voters”. Comparative Political Studies, 5(1), 93-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/001041407200500105
KRIESI, Hanspeter; Edgar GRANDE, Romain LACHAT, Martin DOLEZAL, Simon BORNSCHIER y Timotheos FREY, (2006). “Globalization and the transformation of the national political space: Six European countries compared”. European Journal of Political Research, 45(6), 921-956. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14756765.2006.00644.x
KYMLICKA, Will (1996). “Social unity in a liberal state”. Social philosophy and policy, 13(1), 105-136. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052500001540
KYMLICKA, Will (1998). “Is federalism a viable alternative to secession?”. En Lehning, Percy B. (ed). Theories of secession, 111-150.
LAGO-PEÑAS, Ignacio; José Ramón MONTERO y Mariano TORCAL (2007) “Modelos de voto y comportamiento electoral”. En: MONTERO, José Ramón; Ignacio LAGO-PEÑAS, y Mariano TORCAL (coord.) Elecciones generales 2004, Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS), 15-30.
LINZ, Juan J. (1980). “Religion and politics in Spain: from conflict to consensus above cleavage”. Social Compass, 27(2-3), 255-277. https://doi.org/10.1177/003776868002700207
LINZ, Juan J. (1993). “State building and nation building”. European Review, 1(4), 355-369. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798700000776
LINZ, Juan J., y José Ramón MONTERO (2001). The party systems of Spain: old cleavages and new challenges. Party systems and voter alignments revisited, 150196. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203469323_chapter_9
LINZ, Juan J. y Alfred C. STEPAN (1996). “Toward consolidated democracies”. Journal of democracy, 7(2), 14-33. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1996.0031
LIPSET, Seymour M. y Stein ROKKAN (Eds.). (1967). Party systems and voter alignments: Cross-national perspectives. Free press. MACDONALD, Stuart E.; Ola LISTHAUG y George RABINOWITZ (1991). “Issues and party support in multiparty systems”. American Political Science Review, 85(4), 1107-1131. https://doi.org/10.2307/1963938
MAIR, Peter (2006). “Ruling the void: The hollowing of western democracy”. New Left Review, 42, 25-51.
MÁIZ, Ramón (2003). “Politics and the nation: nationalist mobilisation of ethnic differences”. Nations and nationalism, 9(2), 195-212. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8219.00082
MAÍZ, Ramón (2006). “Los nacionalismos antes de las naciones”. Política y cultura, (25), 79-112.
MARTÍNEZ-HERRERA, Enric y Thomas J. MILEY (2010). “The constitution and the politics of national identity in Spain”. Nations and nationalism, 16(1), 6-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00432.x
MCGARRY, John; Brendan O’LEARY y Richard SIMEON (2008). “Integration or accommodation? The enduring debate in conflict regulation”. En Constitutional design for divided societies: Integration or accommodation? ed. S. Choudhry, 41–88. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
MERCADÉ, Francesc (1989). “Las identidades colectivas. España y Cataluña”. Reis: Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, (48), 155-197. https://doi.org/10.2307/40183466
MILLER, Luis (2020). “Polarización en España: más divididos por ideología e identidad que por políticas públicas”. Esade. EsadeEcPol- Center for Economic Policy & Political Economy.
MUÑOZ, Jordi (2009a). “From National-Catholicism to Democratic Patriotism? Democratization and reconstruction of national pride: the case of Spain (1981–2000)”. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(4), 616-639. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701710906
MUÑOZ, Jordi (2009b). “Still a right-wing monopoly? Ideology and Spanish National Identity”. Ponencia presentada en: IX Congreso de la AECPA, 23-25.
MURO, Diego y Guillem VIDAL (2017). “Political mistrust in southern Europe since the Great Recession”. Mediterranean Politics, 22(2), 197-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2016.1168962
NAVARRO, Luis (2015). La nación evitada. Identidad nacional en España y discursos de élites de izquierda. RUIZ JIMÉNEZ, Antonia M. y Manuel JIMÉNEZ SÁNCHEZ (dirs.). Tesis doctoral, Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla.
ORRIOLS, Lluis y Laia BALCELLS (2012). “Party polarisation and spatial voting in Spain”. South European Society and Politics, 17(3), 393-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2012.701891
ORRIOLS, Lluis y Guillermo CORDERO (2016). “The breakdown of the Spanish two-party system: the upsurge of Podemos and Ciudadanos in the 2015 general election”. South European Society and Politics, 21(4), 469-492. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2016.1198454
PARDOS-PRADO, Sergi e Iñaki SAGARZAZU (2019). “Economic performance and center-periphery conflicts in party competition”. Party Politics, 25(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068818816978
PORTOS, Martín (2019). “Keeping dissent alive under the Great Recession: No-radicalisation and protest in Spain after the eventful 15M/indignados campaign”. Acta Politica, 54(1), 45-74. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41269-0170074-9
QUERALT, Didac (2012). “Spatial Voting in Spain”. South European Society and Politics 17(3):375-392. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2012.701890
RABINOWITZ, George y Stuart E. MACDONALD (1989). “A directional theory of issue voting”. American political science review, 83(1), 93-121. https://doi.org/10.2307/1956436
RAMOS, María y Pablo SIMÓN (2015). “¿Qué pueden cambiar Podemos y Ciudadanos en el sistema de partido?” ZoomPolítico (laboratorio de alternativas), 27.
RIKER, William H. (1993). Agenda formation. University of Michigan press. https:// doi.org/10.3998/mpub.13524
RODDEN, Jonathan (2010). “The geographic distribution of political preferences”. Annu. Rev. Political Sci. 13:321–40. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.031607.092945
RODON, Toni y María HIERRO (2016). “Podemos and Ciudadanos shake up the Spanish party system: The 2015 local and regional elections”. South European Society and Politics, 21(3), 339-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2016.1151127
RODRÍGUEZ TERUEL, Juan y Astrid BARRIO (2016). “Going national: ciudadanos from Catalonia to Spain”. South European Society and Politics, 21(4), 587-607. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2015.1119646
RUIZ JIMÉNEZ, Antonia M.; Daniel ROMERO PORTILLO y Luis NAVARRO ARDOY (2020). “Social patriotism: populist glue for a multinational democracy”. National Identities, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2020.1735326
RUIZ JIMÉNEZ, Antonia M.; Luis NAVARRO ARDOY y Elena FERRI FUENTEVILLA (2017). “Patriotas sociales”. Papers: revista de sociologia, 102(3), 0421-448. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.2222
RUIZ JIMÉNEZ, Antonia M.; Luis NAVARRO ARDOY y Francisco J. RUEDA CÓRDOBA (2016). “Social Patriotism in Spain: Social Glue for a Multinational Democracy.” Ponencia presentada en congreso “Nación y Nacionalismo en la España de las Autonomías”, Madrid: UNED.
SANCHEZ-CUENCA, Ignacio y Elias DINAS (2012). “Introduction: voters and parties in the Spanish political space”. South European Society and Politics, 17(3), 365-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2012.701889
SIMÓN, Pablo (2020). “The Multiple Spanish Elections of April and May 2019: The Impact of Territorial and Left-right Polarisation”. South European Society and Politics, 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2020.1756612
SMITH, Anthony D. (1986). State-making and nation-building. States in history, 15.
STOKES, Donald E. (1963). “Spatial models of party competition”. American political science review, 57(2), 368-377. https://doi.org/10.2307/1952828
TILLY, Charles (1975). The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press TORCAl, Mariano y Luis MEDINA (2002). “Ideología y voto en España 1979-2000: los procesos de reconstrucción racional de la identificación ideológica”. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, (6), 57-96.
TURNBULL-DUGARTE, Stuart J. (2019). “Explaining the end of Spanish exceptionalism and electoral support for Vox”. Research & Politics, 6(2), https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168019851680
TÜRSAN, Huri (2003). “Introduction: Ethnoregionalist parties as ethnic entrepreneurs”. In Regionalist Parties in Western Europe (pp. 19-34). Routledge.
VAMPA, Davide (2020). “Competing forms of populism and territorial politics: the cases of Vox and Podemos in Spain”. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2020.1727866
VIDAL, Guillem (2018). “Challenging business as usual? The rise of new parties in Spain in times of crisis”. West European Politics, 41(2), 261-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2017.1376272