Contenido principal del artículo

Daniel Romero-Portillo
Universidad Pablo de Olavide
España
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2852-9323
Antonia María Ruiz Jiménez
Universidad Pablo de Olavide
España
Vol. 19 Núm. 2 (2020), Artículos, Páginas 9-44
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15304/rips.19.2.6075
Recibido: 04-06-2019 Aceptado: 15-12-2020 Publicado: 28-12-2020
Derechos de autoría Cómo citar

Resumen

El cambio del sistema de partidos y la profundización de éstos en la crisis territorial en el periodo posterior a la Gran Recesión de 2008 hacen interesante explorar también la polarización de la ciudadanía en el eje centro-periferia y la configuración del nuevo espacio electoral con respecto a este eje. El propósito de este artículo es conocer cómo se distribuyen las estructuras identitarias y a las preferencias sobre la organización territorial del Estado de las bases electorales de los partidos españoles bajo el nuevo contexto político-electoral. Para ello, se agregan los estudios post-electorales del CIS de 2008 a 2019, que se exploran de forma gráfica y mediante regresiones logísticas multinomiales. Nuestros hallazgos confirman que el deterioro apuntado por Jiménez y Navarro (2015) para las elecciones de 2011 no fue coyuntural, sino que se trata de una tendencia que se consolida desde 2015, estabilizándose hasta 2019.  Específicamente, se consolida la erosión del apoyo al Estado de las autonomías y aumenta de manera general el apoyo centralismo. Esta erosión no va acompañada, sin embargo, de una desvinculación generalizada de las identidades compartidas, aunque aumenten las identidades nacionales exclusivas. En cuanto al nuevo sistema de partidos, las bases electorales de los partidos se polarizan en gran medida en cuanto a sus preferencias sobre la organización territorial del Estado, pero no así con la identidad nacional.

Citado por

Detalles del artículo

Referencias

ALONSO, Sonia, Laura CABEZA y Braulio GÓMEZ (2015). “Parties’ electoral strategies in a two-dimensional political space: Evidence from Spain and Great Britain”. Party Politics, 21(6), 851-865. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068815597576

AMAT, Francesc (2012). “Party competition and preferences for inter-regional redistribution in Spain”. South European Society and Politics, 17(3), 449-465. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2012.701897

BARREIRO, Belén (2018). “Vox y la identidad vulnerable”. El País.

BARTOLINI, Stefano y Peter MAIR (1990). “Policy competition, spatial distance and electoral instability”. West European Politics, 13(4), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389008424816

BASTA, Karlo (2018). “The state between minority and majority nationalism: Decentralization, symbolic recognition, and secessionist crises in Spain and Canada”. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 48(1), 51-75. https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjx048

BILLIG, Michael (1995) Banal nationalism, Londres, Sage.

BONET, Eduard; Santiago PÉREZ-NIEVAS y María José HERNÁNDEZ (2010). “España en las urnas: territorialización del voto e identidad nacional en las elecciones de 2008”. En MONTERO, José Ramón e Ignacio LAGO-PEÑAS (eds.). Elecciones generales 2008, pp. 331-364. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS).

BORNSCHIER, Simon (2010). ‘The New Cultural Divide and the Two-Dimensional Political Space in Western Europe”. West European Politics, 33, 419-444. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402381003654387

BROWN, David (1998). “Why is the Nation‐State so Vulnerable to Ethnic Nationalism?” Nations and Nationalism, 4(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1354-5078.1998.00001.x

BRUBAKER, Rogers (1996). “Nationalizing states in the old ‘New Europe’–and the new”. Ethnic and Racial studies, 19(2), 411-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1996.9993918

COLOMER, Josep M., y Riccardo PUGLISI (2005). “Cleavages, issues and parties: a critical overview of the literature”. European political science, 4(4), 502-520. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210054

CONVERSI, Daniele (1995). “Reassessing current theories of nationalism: nationalism as boundary maintenance and creation”. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 1(1), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537119508428421

CORDERO, Guillermo (2014). “De los clivajes sociales al voto religioso en Europa”. Revista de estudios políticos, (164), 213-236.

CORDERO, Guillermo y José Ramón MONTERO (2015). “Against Bipartyism, Towards Dealignment? The 2014 European Election in Spain”. South European Society and Politics, 20 (3), 357-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2015.1053679

DEEGAN-KRAUSE, Kevin (2007). New dimensions of political cleavage. Oxford handbook of political behaviour, 538-556. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.003.0028

DINAS, Elias (2012). “Left and right in the Basque Country and Catalonia: The meaning of ideology in a nationalist context”. South European Society and Politics, 17(3), 467-485. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2012.701898

DOWNS, Anthony (1973 [1957]). Teoría económica de la democracia. Aguilar.

ELKINS, Zachary y John SIDES (2007). “Can institutions build unity in multiethnic states? “American Political Science Review, 101(4), 693-708. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055407070505

ERK, Jan y Lawrence ANDERSON (2009). “The paradox of federalism: does selfrule accommodate or exacerbate ethnic divisions?”. Regional & Federal Studies, 19(2), 191-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597560902753388

EVANS, Geoffrey (2000). “The continued significance of class voting”. Annual review of political science, 3(1), 401-417. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.3.1.401

FERNÁNDEZ-ALBERTOS, José (2002). “Votar en dos dimensiones: el precio del nacionalismo y la ideología en el comportamiento electoral vasco, 1993-2001”. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, (6), 153-181.

FERREIRA, Carles (2020). Nation-building in a Multinational State: Between Majority and Minority Aspirations. 50 Shades of Federalism.

FRANKLIN, Mark; Thomas MACKIE y Henry VALEN (2009). “Electoral change: Responses to evolving social and attitudinal structures in Western countries”. ECPR Press.

FRANZÉ, Javier (2016). “El 26J como fin de ciclo: en torno a la crisis orgánica y la relación entre populismo e instituciones”. La Circular.

GAGNON, Alain-G. (2020). “Majority, State Nationalism, and New Research Pathways”. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 26(1), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2020.1716445

GELLNER, Ernest (2008). Nations and nationalism. Cornell University Press.

GUIBERNAU, Montserrat. (2006). “National identity, devolution and secession in Canada, Britain and Spain”. Nations and Nationalism, 12(1), 51-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2005.00230.x

HECHTER, Michael (2000). Containing nationalism. OUP Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/019924751X.001.0001

HOOGHE, Liesbet y Gary MARKS (2009). “A postfunctionalist theory of European integration: From permissive consensus to constraining dissensus”. British journal of political science, 39(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123408000409

HUTTER, Swen; Hanspeter KRIESI y Guillem VIDAL (2018). “Old versus new politics: The political spaces in Southern Europe in times of crises”. Party Politics, 24(1), 10-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068817694503

IGLESIAS, Pablo (2015). “Spain On Edge”, New Left Review, 93, 23-42 in Western Europe’, West European Politics, 33(3), 419–44

INGLEHART, Ronald (1971). “The silent revolution in Europe: Intergenerational change in post-industrial societies”. American political science review, 65(4), 991-1017. https://doi.org/10.2307/1953494

JIMÉNEZ-SÁNCHEZ, Manuel y Luis NAVARRO-ARDOY (2015). “Las huellas electorales del nacionalismo español. Identificación territorial y voto en los partidos políticos de ámbito estatal, 1980-2013”. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 73(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2012.02.12

KEDAR, Orit (2005). “When moderate voters prefer extreme parties: Policy balancingin parliamentary elections”. American Political Science Review, 99(2), 185-199. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051592

KITSCHELT, Herbert y Staf HELLEMANS (1990). “The left-right semantics and the new politics cleavage”. Comparative Political Studies, 23(2), 210-238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414090023002003

KLINGEMANN, Hans D. (1972). “Testing the left-right continuum on a sample of German voters”. Comparative Political Studies, 5(1), 93-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/001041407200500105

KRIESI, Hanspeter; Edgar GRANDE, Romain LACHAT, Martin DOLEZAL, Simon BORNSCHIER y Timotheos FREY, (2006). “Globalization and the transformation of the national political space: Six European countries compared”. European Journal of Political Research, 45(6), 921-956. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14756765.2006.00644.x

KYMLICKA, Will (1996). “Social unity in a liberal state”. Social philosophy and policy, 13(1), 105-136. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052500001540

KYMLICKA, Will (1998). “Is federalism a viable alternative to secession?”. En Lehning, Percy B. (ed). Theories of secession, 111-150.

LAGO-PEÑAS, Ignacio; José Ramón MONTERO y Mariano TORCAL (2007) “Modelos de voto y comportamiento electoral”. En: MONTERO, José Ramón; Ignacio LAGO-PEÑAS, y Mariano TORCAL (coord.) Elecciones generales 2004, Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS), 15-30.

LINZ, Juan J. (1980). “Religion and politics in Spain: from conflict to consensus above cleavage”. Social Compass, 27(2-3), 255-277. https://doi.org/10.1177/003776868002700207

LINZ, Juan J. (1993). “State building and nation building”. European Review, 1(4), 355-369. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798700000776

LINZ, Juan J., y José Ramón MONTERO (2001). The party systems of Spain: old cleavages and new challenges. Party systems and voter alignments revisited, 150196. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203469323_chapter_9

LINZ, Juan J. y Alfred C. STEPAN (1996). “Toward consolidated democracies”. Journal of democracy, 7(2), 14-33. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1996.0031

LIPSET, Seymour M. y Stein ROKKAN (Eds.). (1967). Party systems and voter alignments: Cross-national perspectives. Free press. MACDONALD, Stuart E.; Ola LISTHAUG y George RABINOWITZ (1991). “Issues and party support in multiparty systems”. American Political Science Review, 85(4), 1107-1131. https://doi.org/10.2307/1963938

MAIR, Peter (2006). “Ruling the void: The hollowing of western democracy”. New Left Review, 42, 25-51.

MÁIZ, Ramón (2003). “Politics and the nation: nationalist mobilisation of ethnic differences”. Nations and nationalism, 9(2), 195-212. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8219.00082

MAÍZ, Ramón (2006). “Los nacionalismos antes de las naciones”. Política y cultura, (25), 79-112.

MARTÍNEZ-HERRERA, Enric y Thomas J. MILEY (2010). “The constitution and the politics of national identity in Spain”. Nations and nationalism, 16(1), 6-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00432.x

MCGARRY, John; Brendan O’LEARY y Richard SIMEON (2008). “Integration or accommodation? The enduring debate in conflict regulation”. En Constitutional design for divided societies: Integration or accommodation? ed. S. Choudhry, 41–88. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

MERCADÉ, Francesc (1989). “Las identidades colectivas. España y Cataluña”. Reis: Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, (48), 155-197. https://doi.org/10.2307/40183466

MILLER, Luis (2020). “Polarización en España: más divididos por ideología e identidad que por políticas públicas”. Esade. EsadeEcPol- Center for Economic Policy & Political Economy.

MUÑOZ, Jordi (2009a). “From National-Catholicism to Democratic Patriotism? Democratization and reconstruction of national pride: the case of Spain (1981–2000)”. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(4), 616-639. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701710906

MUÑOZ, Jordi (2009b). “Still a right-wing monopoly? Ideology and Spanish National Identity”. Ponencia presentada en: IX Congreso de la AECPA, 23-25.

MURO, Diego y Guillem VIDAL (2017). “Political mistrust in southern Europe since the Great Recession”. Mediterranean Politics, 22(2), 197-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2016.1168962

NAVARRO, Luis (2015). La nación evitada. Identidad nacional en España y discursos de élites de izquierda. RUIZ JIMÉNEZ, Antonia M. y Manuel JIMÉNEZ SÁNCHEZ (dirs.). Tesis doctoral, Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla.

ORRIOLS, Lluis y Laia BALCELLS (2012). “Party polarisation and spatial voting in Spain”. South European Society and Politics, 17(3), 393-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2012.701891

ORRIOLS, Lluis y Guillermo CORDERO (2016). “The breakdown of the Spanish two-party system: the upsurge of Podemos and Ciudadanos in the 2015 general election”. South European Society and Politics, 21(4), 469-492. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2016.1198454

PARDOS-PRADO, Sergi e Iñaki SAGARZAZU (2019). “Economic performance and center-periphery conflicts in party competition”. Party Politics, 25(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068818816978

PORTOS, Martín (2019). “Keeping dissent alive under the Great Recession: No-radicalisation and protest in Spain after the eventful 15M/indignados campaign”. Acta Politica, 54(1), 45-74. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41269-0170074-9

QUERALT, Didac (2012). “Spatial Voting in Spain”. South European Society and Politics 17(3):375-392. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2012.701890

RABINOWITZ, George y Stuart E. MACDONALD (1989). “A directional theory of issue voting”. American political science review, 83(1), 93-121. https://doi.org/10.2307/1956436

RAMOS, María y Pablo SIMÓN (2015). “¿Qué pueden cambiar Podemos y Ciudadanos en el sistema de partido?” ZoomPolítico (laboratorio de alternativas), 27.

RIKER, William H. (1993). Agenda formation. University of Michigan press. https:// doi.org/10.3998/mpub.13524

RODDEN, Jonathan (2010). “The geographic distribution of political preferences”. Annu. Rev. Political Sci. 13:321–40. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.031607.092945

RODON, Toni y María HIERRO (2016). “Podemos and Ciudadanos shake up the Spanish party system: The 2015 local and regional elections”. South European Society and Politics, 21(3), 339-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2016.1151127

RODRÍGUEZ TERUEL, Juan y Astrid BARRIO (2016). “Going national: ciudadanos from Catalonia to Spain”. South European Society and Politics, 21(4), 587-607. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2015.1119646

RUIZ JIMÉNEZ, Antonia M.; Daniel ROMERO PORTILLO y Luis NAVARRO ARDOY (2020). “Social patriotism: populist glue for a multinational democracy”. National Identities, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2020.1735326

RUIZ JIMÉNEZ, Antonia M.; Luis NAVARRO ARDOY y Elena FERRI FUENTEVILLA (2017). “Patriotas sociales”. Papers: revista de sociologia, 102(3), 0421-448. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.2222

RUIZ JIMÉNEZ, Antonia M.; Luis NAVARRO ARDOY y Francisco J. RUEDA CÓRDOBA (2016). “Social Patriotism in Spain: Social Glue for a Multinational Democracy.” Ponencia presentada en congreso “Nación y Nacionalismo en la España de las Autonomías”, Madrid: UNED.

SANCHEZ-CUENCA, Ignacio y Elias DINAS (2012). “Introduction: voters and parties in the Spanish political space”. South European Society and Politics, 17(3), 365-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2012.701889

SIMÓN, Pablo (2020). “The Multiple Spanish Elections of April and May 2019: The Impact of Territorial and Left-right Polarisation”. South European Society and Politics, 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2020.1756612

SMITH, Anthony D. (1986). State-making and nation-building. States in history, 15.

STOKES, Donald E. (1963). “Spatial models of party competition”. American political science review, 57(2), 368-377. https://doi.org/10.2307/1952828

TILLY, Charles (1975). The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press TORCAl, Mariano y Luis MEDINA (2002). “Ideología y voto en España 1979-2000: los procesos de reconstrucción racional de la identificación ideológica”. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, (6), 57-96.

TURNBULL-DUGARTE, Stuart J. (2019). “Explaining the end of Spanish exceptionalism and electoral support for Vox”. Research & Politics, 6(2), https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168019851680

TÜRSAN, Huri (2003). “Introduction: Ethnoregionalist parties as ethnic entrepreneurs”. In Regionalist Parties in Western Europe (pp. 19-34). Routledge.

VAMPA, Davide (2020). “Competing forms of populism and territorial politics: the cases of Vox and Podemos in Spain”. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2020.1727866

VIDAL, Guillem (2018). “Challenging business as usual? The rise of new parties in Spain in times of crisis”. West European Politics, 41(2), 261-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2017.1376272