Abstract

The European Union's restrictive measures, born as foreign policy instruments within the framework of the CFSP, have evolved into a genuine global sanctions system. This paper analyzes their transformation, from the implementation of United Nations Security Council sanctions to the creation of autonomous thematic regimes with global reach, among which the regime of restrictive measures for serious human rights violations (CFSP Decision 2020/1999 and Regulation 2020/1998) stands out. Inspired by the US Global Magnitsky Act, this regime reflects the progressive hybridization between foreign policy and criminal law. Based on the European standard established by the Engel test of the ECHR, the study examines whether certain restrictive measures should be considered criminal sanctions in the material sense and what implications their recognition would have for procedural guarantees.