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<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">RGE</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title specific-use="original" xml:lang="gl">Revista Galega de Economía</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1132-2799</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2255-5951</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidade de Santiago de Compostela</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>
<country>España</country>
<email>evista.rge@usc.gal</email>
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<article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id" specific-use="pmc">9092</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.15304/rge.32.3.9092</article-id>
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<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artículos</subject>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="gl">Liderado ético e clima benevolente. O efecto mediador da autoeficacia creativa e o moderador do compromiso de continuidade</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Ethical leadership and benevolent climate. The mediating effect of creative self-efficacy and the moderator of continuance commitment</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0852-1578</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Santiago Torner</surname>
<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp1"><sup>a</sup></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<label><sup>1</sup></label>
<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Economía y Empresa. UVic – Universitat Central de Catalunya, Carrer de la Sagrada Família, 7, 08500, Vic, Barcelona</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat Central de Catalunya</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Economía y Empresa</institution>
<addr-line>Carrer de la Sagrada Família, 7, 08500, Vic, <city>Barcelona</city></addr-line>
<country country="ES">España</country>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="corresp1"><sup>a</sup> <email>carlos.santiago@uvic.cat</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
<season>Septiembre-Diciembre</season>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>32</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<history>
<date date-type="received" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>16</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>09</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © Universidad de Santiago de Compostela</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Universidad de Santiago de Compostela</copyright-holder>
<ali:free_to_read/>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">
<ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>Artículo en acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la licencia Atribución-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="gl">
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>O sector eléctrico colombiano necesita un estilo de dirección ético asociado cun clima laboral que apoie os seus principios. Ademais, a autoeficacia determina a vontade creativa individual e o compromiso non sempre ten unha función integradora. Por iso, esta investigación busca analizar a relación entre liderado ético e clima benevolente a través da mediación da autoeficacia creativa e da dobre moderación do compromiso de continuidade. Para ese fin, utilízase un modelo condicional. A mostra é de 448 empregados. O liderado ético constrúe un hábitat de autonomía e confianza que deriva en autopercepcións de autoeficacia creativa. Así mesmo, dimensións da personalidade como apertura á experiencia, escrupulosidade e extraversión normalizan a función mediadora da autoeficacia creativa, respecto ao liderado ético e a un clima benevolente, e integran as tres variables. Por último, o compromiso de continuidade favorece a insatisfacción laboral, o esgotamento emocional e a incapacidade persoal, o que detén o comportamento dinámico que necesita a autoeficacia creativa e, ao mesmo tempo, interrompe as relacións prosociais que unen ao líder ético cun clima benevolente.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>The Colombian electricity sector needs an ethical management style associated with a work environment that supports its principles. Furthermore, self-efficacy determines individual creative will and commitment does not always have an integrating function. For this reason, this research seeks to analyze the relationship between ethical leadership and a benevolent climate through the mediation of creative self-efficacy and the double moderation of the commitment to continuity. For this purpose, a conditional model is used. The sample is 448 employees. Ethical leadership builds a habitat of autonomy and trust that leads to self-perceptions of creative self-efficacy. Likewise, personality dimensions such as openness to experience, conscientiousness, and extraversion normalize the mediating function of creative self-efficacy regarding ethical leadership and a benevolent climate and includes all three variables. Finally, the commitment to continuity favors job dissatisfaction, emotional exhaustion, and personal inadequacy, which stops the dynamic behavior that creative self-efficacy needs, and at the same time interrupts the prosocial relationships that unite the ethical leader with a benevolent climate.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="gl">
<title>Palabras chave</title>
<kwd>Liderado ético</kwd>
<kwd>Clima ético benevolente</kwd>
<kwd>Autoeficacia creativa</kwd>
<kwd>Compromiso de continuidade</kwd>
<kwd>Creatividade</kwd>
<kwd>Sector eléctrico colombiano</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Ethical leadership</kwd>
<kwd>Benevolent ethical climate</kwd>
<kwd>Creative self-efficacy</kwd>
<kwd>Commitment continuance</kwd>
<kwd>Creativity</kwd>
<kwd>Colombian electricity sector</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="code">
<title>JEL Codes</title>
<kwd>M14</kwd>
<kwd>M31</kwd>
<kwd>M54</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="6"/>
<table-count count="3"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="103"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>1. INTRODUCIÓN</title>
<p>O sector eléctrico colombiano afronta diferentes desafíos a curto e medio prazo. Entre eles, destaca poñer en funcionamento un liderado ético permanente e integrador, é dicir, un estilo de dirección que derive en climas organizativos baseados en boas prácticas. Nesa dirección, é clave que os contornos corporativos vaian máis aló dunha administración ética das persoas, e logren transformar o país mediante a interiorización de fortes valores. Ademais, o segmento industrial analizado está dentro dun proceso de mellora que comprende dixitalizar parte da súa operación e así poder satisfacer eficientemente as necesidades enerxéticas das zonas non interconectadas. Por este motivo, requírese unha forza de traballo cunha decidida autoeficacia e, especificamente, que esta sexa creativa. Por último, as súas diferentes áreas de negocio dependen dunha poboación activa na que preto do 40 % dos seus integrantes teñen unha antigüidade igual ou superior a dez anos, o que pode traducirse nun alto compromiso de continuidade que obstaculice os seus obxectivos.</p>
<p>Por tanto, adquire un interese especial comprender de que forma un estilo de liderado ético inflúe sobre os empregados e o clima que os envolve (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">Brown et al., 2005</xref>). Sen dúbida, tanto o clima como o liderado ético configuran un hábitat óptimo para que os membros da organización poidan fixarse en certos comportamentos e tentar imitalos como un modelo para seguir (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">Al Halbusi et al., 2021</xref>). Nese sentido, esta investigación baséase nun clima ético benevolente, pois varios estudos demostraron que as actividades que implican o uso dunha responsabilidade social empresarial (RSE) adoitan traspasar os límites organizacionais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">Derin et al., 2022</xref>). De feito, nun clima ético benevolente os empregados adoptan criterios integradores que teñen en conta os intereses, as relacións de amizade e o benestar non só da maioría dos membros do grupo senón tamén da sociedade en xeral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref51">McKay et al., 2017</xref>). De aí a súa importancia, xa que se centra no impacto que pode ter o comportamento organizativo sobre o medio ambiente e a comunidade. En realidade, o criterio de benevolencia antepón a cohesión e a homoxeneidade, na toma de decisións, á satisfacción de certas necesidades individuais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref72">Santiago-Torner, 2023d</xref>). Sen dúbida, a consideración cara a outras persoas, dentro e fóra da organización, constitúe a guía dun clima de benevolencia orientado, expresamente, cara ao benestar do ser humano.</p>
<p>Á vez, a autoeficacia creativa é unha habilidade crítica que impulsa a creatividade individual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">Santiago-Torner, 2023f</xref>). En realidade, sen unha firme convicción de ter as capacidades e o coñecemento indispensables para xerar resultados orixinais e útiles, é pouco probable ser creativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref62">Park et al., 2021</xref>). Xa que logo, coñecer se a autoeficacia creativa é capaz de conectar entre si unha xestión ética integral (liderado e clima) é clave para un sector que se apoia nunha innovación ininterrompida. Por último, xunto ao liderado ético conviven outras forzas que non se identifican cos valores que este transmite e poden reducir o seu efecto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref42">Khan et al., 2016</xref>). Entre elas sobresae o compromiso de continuidade, pois segundo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">De Clercq et al. (2019)</xref> diminúe o desempeño laboral e favorece o esgotamento emocional, o que propicia unha desvinculación das prácticas asociadas ao comportamento organizacional cidadán (OCB) (Santiago-Torner et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">2023a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">2023b</xref>). Así mesmo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">Sadeghi e Razavi (2020)</xref> conclúen que o compromiso de continuidade, polas súas características de deterioración e escasa proactividade, non se asocia significativamente cun pensamento diverxente e creativo.</p>
<p>En consecuencia, este artigo pretende contribuír á literatura existente desde varios puntos de vista e superando algunhas limitacións observadas dentro deste ámbito de estudo. En primeiro lugar, aínda que a relación entre liderado e clima ético foi amplamente estudada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">Demirtas &amp; Akdogan, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">Duane Hansen et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref49">Lu &amp; Lin, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref81">Shin et al., 2015</xref>), esta análise achega unha mirada inédita desde un país en desenvolvemento e, ademais, céntrase nun único clima ético (benevolente), o que pode axudar a contextualizar estudos posteriores que queiran profundar nas súas virtudes. Así mesmo, a influencia do liderado ético en Colombia é un tema incipiente que require unha maior madurez, pois poucos estudos abordaron a súa repercusión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref61">Páez &amp; Salgado, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">Santiago-Torner, 2023a</xref>). En segundo lugar, utilizar a autoeficacia creativa como constructo mediador supón unha novidade e axuda a entender mellor como se integran o liderado ético e un clima benevolente. Nese sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">Karwowski et al. (2013)</xref> deducen que a autoeficacia creativa e os trazos persoais, como apertura á experiencia, escrupulosidade e extraversión, están relacionados. De feito, este estudo utiliza esas tres primeiras características da personalidade para xustificar o papel mediador da autoeficacia creativa.</p>
<p>A apertura á experiencia indica a tendencia do individuo cara ao orixinal, á amplitude de criterio, a capacidade intelectual, a autosuficiencia e a tolerancia emocional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref73">Santiago-Torner, 2023e</xref>). En cambio, a escrupulosidade asóciase cun certo autocontrol e capacidade para orientar adecuadamente os estímulos. Ao mesmo tempo, aglutina trazos como a persistencia, a atención ao detalle, a ambición e a confianza. Por último, a extraversión vincúlase con asertividade, coa accesibilidade persoal, sociabilidade e inspiración (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">Amin et al., 2020</xref>). Estes aspectos da personalidade, que comparten o liderado ético (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">Javed et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">Kalshoven et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref60">Özbağ, 2016</xref>), vincúlanse coas tres dimensións dun clima ético benevolente, en concreto, a amizade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">Harris &amp; Vazire, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">Laakasuo et al., 2017</xref>), o interese de grupo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">Ellershaw et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref103">Zhou et al., 2017</xref>) e a RSE. Con todo, neste último caso, a apertura á experiencia non ten ningunha repercusión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">Hrazdil et al., 2021</xref>). Polo tanto, este novo esquema de interrelación enche un importante baleiro de coñecemento, ao identificar que a predisposición creativa non é unicamente unha fase previa da creatividade, senón que tamén é capaz de xerar outras asociacións.</p>
<p>Así mesmo, esta investigación xustifica empiricamente unha dobre moderación negativa do compromiso de continuidade, o que tamén significa un rol novo para este tipo de compromiso. Inicialmente, o liderado ético insiste nas relacións sociais e nos contactos interpersoais. Esa diversidade social tende a converterse nun mecanismo inspirador, pois ofrece unha fonte potencial de recursos que impulsan a crenza de eficacia creativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">Gong et al., 2020</xref>). Simultaneamente, as relacións próximas xeran sinerxías beneficiosas que inciden na percepción de apoio e fortalecen os lazos de confianza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">Arriaga Costa &amp; Petiz Pereira, 2019</xref>). De feito, unha persoa non se esforzará en conseguir un logro creativo salvo que teña a aprobación e o empuxe do seu líder, e ademais conte coa suficiente autoconfianza para crer que, a través da súa persistencia, obterá un resultado innovador (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref88">Tierney &amp; Farmer, 2011</xref>). Neste sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref93">Ucar et al. (2020)</xref> verifican que o compromiso de continuidade se relaciona coa inestabilidade emocional e cunha excesiva orientación cara a sentimentos negativos que adoitan derivar nun autocontrol desproporcionado das dinámicas de vida. Seguramente, conservar un posto de traballo, debido á escasa dispoñibilidade de opcións ou ao feito de non contar coas suficientes competencias, trae consigo percepcións de inseguridade, desconfianza, frustración, tristeza e autocompaixón (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">Amin et al., 2020</xref>). Por esas razóns, un individuo decepcionado, con baixa realización persoal e canso emocionalmente terá unha baixa implicación co traballo e reducirá as súas interaccións sociais, e esa sensación de inmobilismo e insatisfacción é posible que obstrúa calquera iniciativa que resulte autoeficaz e creativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">Lambert et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Nun sentido case igual, o liderado ético e un clima benevolente autorregúlanse mediante vínculos de amizade, interese social e RSE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">Gumusluoglu et al., 2020</xref>). Nesa dirección, un compromiso asociado unicamente a motivacións extrínsecas dificilmente tenderá cara a respostas recíprocas voluntarias e desexadas, é dicir, a súa interacción converterase nunha necesitade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">González Santa Cruz et al., 2015</xref>). Desde ese punto de vista, a obrigatoriedade facilita o esgotamento e ese desgaste emocional dá lugar a relacións interpersoais máis débiles e a que o interese, no canto de ser grupal, traia consigo respostas individuais e egoístas afastadas da RSE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">Lambert et al., 2015</xref>). Sen dúbida, este contexto negativo pode desconectar a orientación natural que ten un líder ético cara a un clima benévolo.</p>
<p>Por último, esta investigación desenvólvese nun contexto virtual de traballo. Esta particularidade engádelles un especial interese aos resultados obtidos, debido a que o impacto do liderado ético nun contorno dixital pasou desapercibido para a comunidade científica.</p>
<p>Para darlles resposta a todos estes interrogantes, utilízanse procesos condicionais de mediación e moderación que dan lugar a un esquema cuantitativo, transversal e correlacional. O artigo distribúese da seguinte forma: unha introdución e un marco teórico; un bloque onde se delimitan participantes, instrumentos, procedementos e análise de datos; por último, un apartado de resultados, discusión, conclusións e implicacións prácticas, xunto a futuras investigacións e limitacións.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>2. MARCO TEÓRICO</title>
<sec>
<title>2.1 Liderado ético, autoeficacia creativa e clima ético benevolente</title>
<p>O liderado ético é un estilo de xestión que transfire optimismo, pois prioriza a cesión de autoridade a través de relacións de amizade e confianza. Ademais, favorece o alcance da responsabilidade social corporativa (RSE) e da comunicación interpersoal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">Castro-González &amp; Bande, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">Mehmood, 2016</xref>). De feito, a percepción ética traslada benestar emocional ao seguidor, dado que facilita a súa integración cos valores xerenciais que inflúen nun contorno de traballo e modelan a imaxe empresarial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">Demirtas &amp; Akdogan, 2015</xref>). Sen ningunha dúbida, a RSE é imprescindible desde a perspectiva de transparencia que propoñen, asemade, o liderado e algúns climas éticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref81">Shin et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>Nesa dirección, o marco moral de honestidade e integridade que debuxa o líder ético especifica o carácter colectivo da organización (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">Duane Hansen et al., 2016</xref>). Desde logo, un desenvolvemento sostible, en contornos altamente inestables, ten que estar suxeito a unha cultura corporativa inspirada en comportamentos éticos, que constrúa un modelo de influencia cuxa característica prioritaria sexa a conduta moral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref49">Lu &amp; Lin, 2014</xref>). Por esta razón, o efecto da xerencia ética, en calquera dos niveis organizativos, exerce un papel clave na formación dun clima ético (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref91">Tourigny et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Desde ese punto de vista, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">Duane Hansen et al. (2016)</xref> observan que un clima ético emerxe dentro dun contexto socialmente interactivo e baixo unha estrutura complexa. En realidade, as percepcións de xustiza organizativas veñen determinadas desde unha visión multifocal que inclúe miradas externas (RSE), internas (relacións interpersoais de confianza e amizade) e xerárquicas, é dicir, establécese o papel do liderado ético como un elemento indispensable para axustar un modelo baseado en múltiples experiencias.</p>
<p>Por último, a amizade laboral traza vontades expresas de interdependencia, coidados persoais e intereses compartidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref99">Wulandari &amp; Helmy, 2022</xref>), sendo ademais un dos trazos distintivos que moldea un clima ético benevolente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">Blome &amp; Paulraj, 2013</xref>). Polo tanto, as boas relacións traen consigo unha forte sensación de apoio social que facilita a aprendizaxe. Nese sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">Liu et al. (2013)</xref> consideran que a amizade entre líder e seguidor favorece o intercambio ético como un beneficio percibido. De feito, a observación e a constante realimentación dan lugar a escenarios cribles onde o líder ético demostra congruencia entre os seus valores e os organizativos. Por conseguinte, exponse a seguinte hipótese:</p>
<p>
	<list list-type="simple">
		<list-item>
			<p><italic>H1. O liderado ético asóciase positivamente cun clima ético benevolente</italic>.</p>
		</list-item>
	</list>
</p>
<p>A relación entre autoeficacia creativa, habilidades persoais e a propia convicción de podelas utilizar con éxito é primordial para poder actuar en situacións específicas e que ese impulso motivacional se estenda cara a outros aspectos organizacionais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref87">Tierney &amp; Farmer, 2011</xref>). En realidade, a autoeficacia creativa é a convicción que ten un individuo de que as súas capacidades poden propiciar un resultado orixinal. A autoeficacia creativa deriva dun concepto máis xeral de autoeficacia que recoñece que o investimento prolongado de tempo e empeño pode desenvolver habilidades innovadoras capaces de superar a frustración e os obstáculos a través da persistencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">Santiago Torner, 2023c</xref>). Deste xeito, o liderado ético é especialmente importante pola capacidade que ten de transmitir confianza, imparcialidade e autonomía, o que induce a que o seguidor, ademais de aliñarse cun sistema ético, afronte con entusiasmo, autoeficacia e perseveranza calquera ameaza ou axuste orgánico que requira unha resposta creativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">Mehmood, 2016</xref>). Desde logo, a confianza é a base dun liderado que realmente queira transcender. Con todo, o impacto dos diferentes estilos de xestión, e especificamente o ético, apóiase tamén na capacidade de poder integrar os seus trazos persoais cos do seguidor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Javed et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Baixo este punto de vista, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">Karwowski et al. (2013)</xref> identifican sólidas relacións entre autoeficacia creativa e características da personalidade como apertura á experiencia, escrupulosidade e extraversión.</p>
<p>En concreto, a apertura á experiencia implica unha vontade implícita de tomar en consideración as opinións doutras persoas. Nesa dirección, o líder ético inflúe positivamente no seguidor mediante unha comunicación aberta que transfire a suficiente confianza para que asumir riscos non implique un temor ao rexeitamento. Por tanto, a apertura á experiencia é unha dimensión da personalidade que facilita a interacción entre o líder ético e o empregado para superar as fórmulas clásicas de traballo con orixinalidade e autoeficacia creativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Javed et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Doutra banda, a escrupulosidade entraña autodisciplina, confianza, dilixencia e minuciosidade. En consecuencia, as decisións intencionais teñen un forte sentido de obrigación moral. Por esa razón, o líder ético integra o consciente dentro da súa conduta, pois a reflexión e o coidado son parte dun esquema xusto e honesto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">Babalola et al., 2019</xref>). Así mesmo, a escrupulosidade ten no logro outra dimensión asociada, o que reflicte motivación e un intercambio constante de ideas, entre líder e membro, que moldea unha seguridade compartida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">Mehmood, 2016</xref>). Probablemente, o apoio que se desprende dunha relación próxima deriva nunha maior autoeficacia creativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">Karwowski et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>En cambio, a extraversión é afín coas emocións positivas e conduce a unha máis alta autoeficacia, satisfacción laboral e compromiso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">Dietl &amp; Kombeiz, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref79">Santiago-Torner &amp; Vermellas-Espiñenta, 2021</xref>). Nese sentido, o líder ético adquire un papel principal, dado que se caracteriza por un apoio constante e por unha procura activa de realimentación co seguidor, o que dá lugar a estados anímicos positivos e proactivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref47">Liu et al., 2021</xref>). De feito, os estados de ánimo asociados ás emocións positivas inflúen en elementos críticos organizativos como a autoeficacia creativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref46">Langley, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Ademais, e tendo en conta o contexto virtual deste estudo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">Anderson et al. (2015)</xref> consideran que un contorno de traballo remoto é un espazo que necesita empregados con gran resiliencia e flexibilidade cognitiva. De feito, a capacidade intelectual para axustarse a un medio de traballo específico asóciase positivamente coa apertura á experiencia e á extraversión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">Odacı &amp; Cikrikci, 2019</xref>). Así mesmo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">Smith et al. (2018)</xref> van máis aló e inclúen características como a perseveranza, a independencia, a xestión ordenada e o estímulo social para que a interacción laboral en liña sexa exitosa e incida na satisfacción do empregado. En conclusión, a apertura á experiencia, a escrupulosidade e a extraversión son características afíns entre un estilo de liderado ético e a autoeficacia creativa, sendo, ademais, maioritariamente útiles dentro de contornos laborais interconectados dixitalmente. En consecuencia, exponse a seguinte hipótese:</p>
<p>
	<list list-type="simple">
		<list-item>
			<p><italic>H2. O liderado ético e a autoeficacia creativa relaciónanse positivamente</italic>.</p>
		</list-item>
	</list>
</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>2.2 Efecto mediador - autoeficacia creativa</title>
<p>As similitudes entre persoas xeran cadeas adaptativas con base na confianza. Polo tanto, a personalidade inflúe na formación de amizades. Neste sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">Laakasuo et al. (2017)</xref> precisan que tanto a extraversión como a apertura á experiencia son características que predín fortes relacións de amizade. Ademais, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">Harris e Vazire (2016)</xref> incorporan tamén a escrupulosidade dentro deste esquema, o que favorece as relacións organizativas. Xa que logo, un empregado con alta autoeficacia creativa é fácil que se integre nun clima ético benevolente que priorice os vínculos interpersoais e a autonomía. En realidade, a apertura á experiencia e a escrupulosidade son predisposicións do comportamento que teñen que ser incentivadas a través de realimentacións constantes e construtivas que xeren plenitude e intensidade na actividade laboral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref97">Wanzer et al., 2020</xref>). Dese xeito, a confianza ética pode ser un factor crítico de proximidade e inclusión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">Amin et al., 2020</xref>). Así mesmo, a extraversión favorece o OCB, que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">Huang et al. (2012)</xref> consideran que ten un alto beneficio para un clima integrador como o é o benevolente.</p>
<p>Por outra banda, a percepción da autoeficacia creativa vese afectada pola diversidade de vínculos sociais. En realidade, as organizacións que administran coñecemento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">Alvarez Sainz &amp; Apellaniz Valle, 2017</xref>) é fácil que prioricen a cooperación, e que ese número de interaccións persoais consolide o interese polo grupo e pola sensibilidade interindividual (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">Derin et al., 2022</xref>). Por esa razón, a apertura á experiencia e á extraversión, que son trazos persoais relacionados cun individuo autoeficaz e creativo, serán fáciles de incorporar a un clima que coide os lazos sociais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref103">Zhou et al., 2017</xref>). De feito, a resolución creativa dun problema necesita un contorno interpersoal activo. Nesa dirección, a heteroxeneidade das relacións convértese nun sinal ambiental conveniente para a análise e a autovaloración da eficacia creativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref88">Tierney &amp; Farmer, 2011</xref>). Así mesmo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">Ellershaw et al. (2016)</xref> consideran que a persoa escrupulosa ten un forte desempeño, está orientada a metas e dispón dunha alta capacidade de adaptación, independentemente da dificultade da tarefa. Polo tanto, a procura sistemática de obxectivos integrarase cun clima cuxas decisións se basean no benestar, na satisfacción e na interrelación persoal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref65">Ramalho Luz et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Por último, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">Hrazdil et al. (2021)</xref> cren que a extraversión deriva en actitudes de achegamento que inflúen para construír un contorno orientado á RSE. En realidade, a RSE involucra diferentes partes interesadas, tanto internas como externas, polo que unha personalidade que estreite os vínculos interpersoais será útil para afianzar un hábitat de seguridade compartida. Ademais, a escrupulosidade, como unha tendencia para actuar de forma ordenada e reflexiva, tamén se asocia coa RSE, pois a creación dunha imaxe corporativa require prudencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">Tong et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Consecuentemente, exponse a seguinte hipótese:</p>
<p>
	<list list-type="simple">
		<list-item>
			<p><italic>H3. A autoeficacia creativa media positivamente a relación entre liderado ético e clima ético benevolente</italic>.</p>
		</list-item>
	</list>
</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>2.3 Efecto moderador - compromiso de continuidade</title>
<p>O liderado ético e a autoeficacia creativa asócianse a través de esforzos arriscados que necesitan unha complicidade e unha interacción continuas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">Gong et al., 2020</xref>). Por tanto, cando a relación entre empregado e organización se afasta de inclinacións psicolóxicas positivas, a lealdade estréitase criticamente e os lazos afectivos tórnanse débiles ou negativos. Seguramente, a falta de afecto convértese nunha demanda propia do compromiso de continuidade que conduce ao esgotamento e á tensión emocionais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">Lambert et al., 2018</xref>). Desde logo, o compromiso de permanencia define un modelo de interacción asociado ao interese individual e ao alto prezo que supón abandonar a organización, o que xera constantes sentimentos de obrigación e pasividade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">De Clercq et al., 2021</xref>). Probablemente, un compromiso que exclusivamente busque cubrir os requisitos mínimos do posto de traballo dificilmente poderá articularse co esforzo, coa alta motivación, a persistencia e a baixa conformidade que nutren a autoeficacia creativa.</p>
<p>Doutra banda, a autoeficacia creativa dá paso a novas emocións e pensamentos que un compromiso de continuidade encerra nunha espiral de frustración, o que pode ocasionar fracturas emocionais e despersonalización (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">Lambert et al., 2018</xref>). Neste sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref93">Ucar et al. (2020)</xref> expoñen que o compromiso de continuidade está vinculado con sentimentos de irritabilidade, preocupación, tristeza e hostilidade propios dunha personalidade neurótica. O carácter inestable deste tipo de compromiso impide que un estilo de liderado ético inflúa na autoeficacia creativa. Polo xeral, o líder ético constrúe relacións de alta calidade co seguidor conectadas mediante un clima de confianza, comunicación sincera, transferencia de coñecemento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">Neira Fontela &amp; García Chas, 2015</xref>) e criterios compartidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref102">Yang et al., 2016</xref>) que o compromiso de continuidade detén. Por último, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref84">Syed et al. (2015)</xref> asocian negativamente compromiso de continuidade e apertura á experiencia. De feito, a apertura á experiencia descobre persoas con acceso a unha multiplicidade de sentimentos, reflexións, proxeccións e ideas que lles permiten unha rápida adaptación aos cambios circunstanciais que o mundo empresarial expón constantemente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">Christensen et al., 2019</xref>). Particularmente, en contornos organizativos a apertura á experiencia significa unha maior profundidade para expor novas formas que melloren os procesos e que estes tendan a perfeccionar e cambiar o statu quo. En definitiva, a apertura á experiencia dá como resultado unha persoa máis predisposta a ser creativa. Por esa razón, o compromiso de continuidade bloquea as amplas sinerxías que establecen o liderado ético e a autoeficacia creativa, detendo progresivamente o seu vínculo ata interrompelo. Por tanto, exponse a seguinte hipótese.</p>
<p>
	<list list-type="simple">
		<list-item>
			<p><italic>H4. O compromiso de continuidade modera inversamente a relación positiva entre liderado ético e autoeficacia creativa. A maior percepción de compromiso de continuidade, menor influencia positiva do liderado ético sobre a autoeficacia creativa</italic>.</p>
		</list-item>
	</list>
</p>
<p>Nun sentido parecido, o liderado ético e un clima benévolo están principalmente orientados ao seguidor e aos círculos que envolven a comunidade en xeral. Por esas razóns, estimúlanse entre si a través de relacións de confianza e amizade onde se antepoñen os principios e os valores colectivos. No sentido contrario, conservar un lugar de traballo, por falta de alternativas laborais, incentiva o desánimo debido a que o empregado ten unha clara intención emocional de rotación á que non pode dar saída (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref85">Taing et al., 2011</xref>). De feito, o compromiso de continuidade asóciase cun baixo OCB, o que habitualmente debilita a motivación do empregado propiciando actitudes de baixo desempeño e de cumprimento estrito do labor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref101">Yahaya &amp; Ebrahim, 2016</xref>). Nesa dirección, o líder ético espera moito máis dos seus seguidores, o que inevitablemente pode afectar á súa relación e a que esta se converta nunha cooperación forzosa que incida negativamente na satisfacción laboral e deteriore, aínda máis, calquera aliciente do empregado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref57">Okeke &amp; Mtyuda, 2017</xref>). Xa que logo, unha persoa cunha formulación de continuidade organizacional, sen ningún outro obxectivo, sentirase atrapada, e a propia ansiedade poderá traducirse nun estrés continuo que pode desembocar nun desgaste emocional extremo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref27">Garland et al., 2014</xref>). Para terminar, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">De Clercq et al. (2019)</xref> conclúen que a insatisfacción laboral desconecta emocionalmente o empregado do resto da organización, é dicir, impide unha comunicación fluída, desestabiliza o interese polos demais e, consecuentemente, debilita as relacións. Para ese efecto, exponse a seguinte hipótese.</p>
<p>
	<list list-type="simple">
		<list-item>
			<p><italic>H5. O compromiso de continuidade modera inversamente a relación positiva entre liderado ético e clima benevolente. A maior percepción de compromiso de continuidade, menor influencia positiva do liderado ético sobre un clima de benevolencia</italic>.</p>
		</list-item>
	</list>
</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>3. METODOLOXÍA</title>
<sec>
<title>3.1 Participantes</title>
<p>A mostra está constituída por 448 teletraballadores. A distribución é de 273 homes (60,9 %) e 175 mulleres (39,1 %). Esta investigación inclúe os principais departamentos que configuran o Estado colombiano: 44 % Antioquia, 25 % Caldas, 11 % Cundinamarca, 10 % Val do Cauca e 10 % Risaralda. Por idades, o 63 % dos enquisados teñen entre 30 e 49 anos, o 18,7 % entre 20 e 29 e só o 18,3 % son maiores de 50 anos. Todas as persoas incluídas neste estudo teñen formación universitaria e o 57,4 % estudos de posgraduado (especialización, mestría ou doutoramento). En referencia á antigüidade organizacional, o 62,5 % teñen unha traxectoria institucional por encima dos 4 anos e o 37,5 % por baixo. O 58 % teñen fillos e o 39 % adultos maiores a cargo. O 76 % vive en estratos socioeconómicos que van do 1 ao 4. Por último, o 10,3 % padece enfermidades crónicas e o 32 % ten un descanso diario igual ou inferior ás seis horas por noite.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>3.2 Instrumentos</title>
<p><italic>Variables de control</italic>: Faise uso da permanencia na organización e do sexo como variables de control. É posible que os empregados cunha alta adaptación á idiosincrasia organizativa sexan máis autoeficaces creativamente e que contribúan de forma activa no arraigamento dun clima ético. Para medir a permanencia pedíuselles aos participantes que indicasen canto tempo levaban traballando, cunha escala mínima de 0 a 1 ano. O sexo codificouse en 0 para homes e en 1 para mulleres.</p>
<p><italic>Liderado ético</italic>: Analiza algunhas características do liderado, entre outras a capacidade para comunicarse ou a proximidade interindividual, xunto con certos principios éticos que sexan percibidos como posibles de aplicar. Utilízase a escala dunha única dimensión suxerida por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">Brown et al. (2005)</xref> integrada por dez elementos. Constructo empregado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref76">Santiago Torner (2023h)</xref>. Por exemplo: “<italic>O meu líder é honesto e pódese confiar na súa palabra</italic>”.</p>
<p><italic>Autoeficacia creativa</italic>: Analiza as conviccións individuais para alcanzar un resultado creativo. Utilízase a escala dunha única dimensión suxerida por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref87">Tierney &amp; Farmer (2002)</xref> integrada por tres elementos. Constructo empregado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">Santiago Torner (2023c)</xref>. Por exemplo: “<italic>A complexidade do traballo incrementa a miña creatividade</italic>”.</p>
<p><italic>Compromiso de continuidade</italic>: Analiza as motivacións persoais do empregado para suxeitarse a unha organización; entre elas, a falta doutras opcións laborais ou o prezo extrínseco relacionado co cambio. Utilízase a escala dunha única dimensión suxerida por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">Meyer e Allen (1991)</xref> integrada por seis elementos. Constructo empregado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">Meyer et al. (2002)</xref>. Por exemplo: “Sinto coma se tivese moi poucas opcións de traballo”.</p>
<p><italic>Clima ético benevolente</italic>: Analiza as opcións para incrementar a vontade común cara ás responsabilidades internas e externas da organización. Utilízase a escala dunha única dimensión suxerida por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref94">Victor e Cullen (1988)</xref> integrada por once elementos. En concreto, divídese en tres subescalas: amizade (3), interese de grupo (4) e responsabilidade social empresarial (4). Constructo empregado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">Santiago-Torner (2023b)</xref>. Por exemplo: “<italic>O mellor para cada individuo é unha preocupación primordial nesta organización</italic>”.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>3.3 Procedemento</title>
<p>O estudo levouse a cabo entre marzo e decembro de 2021. Iniciouse cunha serie de invitacións ás accións comunais que organizan o sector eléctrico colombiano. Esta iniciativa integra máis de 35 organizacións de todo o país. A súa principal motivación é erradicar os comportamentos deshonestos e a corrupción mediante estilos de xestión éticos que deriven en climas permeados por valores e accións íntegras que, á súa vez, impacten en todo o país. Inicialmente foron 18 as organizacións que mostraron interese no proxecto, sendo 6 as que ao final participaron. Os datos recolléronse entre setembro e decembro de 2021. Dentro desa fase pactáronse, entre outras cousas, as directrices de confidencialidade e fíxoselles chegar ás empresas partícipes os obxectivos da investigación, as pautas éticas, a protección de datos e o impreso de retiro voluntario. Toda esta análise superou previamente, en xullo de 2021, unha detallada fase ética a través de dúas fases que incluían encontros con comisións éticas de dúas universidades diferentes (170:2021). Utilizouse Microsoft Forms para elaborar o cuestionario e o tempo medio de resposta estivo en torno aos 30 minutos.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>3.4 Análise de datos</title>
<p>Nun primeiro momento avalíase o alcance de variación do método común (CMV). Este inconveniente preséntase ao colleitar as diferentes variables, xa sexan dependentes ou independentes, a través dunha soa fonte. Atendendo parcialmente as indicacións de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref63">Podsakoff et al. (2012)</xref>, utilízanse seis fontes informantes. En segundo lugar, para exercer un certo control sobre o efecto contextual, as enquisas distribuíronse en días diferentes e mesturouse a orde das preguntas, pois cada organización ten un cuestionario propio. O que non é posible facer é medir as variables dependentes e independentes en diferentes momentos. Por último, a análise factorial confirmatoria (AFC) avalía a integración de todos os ítems mediante a macro AMOS V.24. O modelo axusta correctamente CMIN/DF = 2,76; RMSEA = 0,056; SRMR = 0,63; NFI = 0,91; CFI = 0,93; TLI = 0,91 segundo parámetros establecidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">Orçan (2018)</xref>.</p>
<p>Posteriormente, execútanse as análises de regresión múltiple utilizando a macro PROCESS V.3.5. Para este labor faise uso do modelo 8 proposto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">Hayes (2018)</xref> (mediación/moderación) cun IC do 95 % e unha mostraxe bootstrapping de 10.000. Respecto aos inconvenientes de colinearidade, verifícase que os índices VIF sexan inferiores a 5.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>4. RESULTADOS</title>
<p>Nunha fase inicial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt1">Táboa 1</xref>) realízase o cálculo da información descritiva e das correlacións de Pearson a través do paquete estatístico SPSS V.25. Tamén se inclúe a validez discriminante (diagonal). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt2">Táboa 2</xref> mostra unha segunda validación do modelo mediante as comprobacións suxeridas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14">Chin (1998)</xref>. Realízanse as seguintes análises para verificar a solidez de todas as variables: (1) Confiabilidade composta (CFC). (2) Varianza media extraída (AVE). (3) Validez discriminante (VD). Así mesmo, os coeficientes críticos (CR) axústanse ás recomendacións de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">Hair et al. (2006)</xref> - (&gt;1.96; p<sub>valor</sub> inferior a .05). Os valores CFC e os Alpha de Cronbach están por riba de .70, o que asegura a fiabilidade dos constructos utilizados. Os factores AVE sitúanse entre o 44 e o 69 %, o que é significativo. Para que exista unha validez discriminante, a raíz cadrada de AVE ten que ser maior que as correlacións de Pearson entre variables, o que ocorre amplamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">Fornell &amp; Larcker, 1981</xref>).</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt1">
<label>Táboa 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Correlación entre variables, medias, desviacións estándar e validez discriminante (n=448) IC (95 %)</title>
</caption>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:12px;font-family:'Cambria'" id="gt2-526564616c7963">
<thead>
<tr style="border-top:solid 1pt">
<th style="border:none;padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:left">Constructos</th>
<th style="border:none;padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:left">N<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN2">1</xref></sup></th>
<th style="border:none;padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:left">M</th>
<th style="border:none;padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:left">SD</th>
<th style="border:none;padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:left">ETL</th>
<th style="border:none;padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:left">CSE</th>
<th style="border:none;padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:left">CC</th>
<th style="border:none;padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:left">BEC</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">Liderado ético (ETL)</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">10</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">46,4</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">8,2</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt"><bold>.<italic>830</italic></bold></td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt"/>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt"/>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">Autoeficacia creativa (CSE)</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">3</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">16,5</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">2,3</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">.289**</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt"><bold>.<italic>660</italic></bold></td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt"/>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">Compromiso continuidade (CC)</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">6</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">22,5</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">4,8</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">.110*</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">.115*</td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt"><bold>.<italic>670</italic></bold></td>
<td style="padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">Clima ético benevolente (BEC)</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">11</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">55</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">12,1</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">.546**</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">.346***</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">.139***</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:.75pt 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt"><bold>.<italic>730</italic></bold></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<p>Nota. Todas as correlacións son significativas (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN2">
<label><sup>1</sup></label>
<p>Número ítems por variable. A raíz cadrada do AVE móstrase na diagonal.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt2">
<label>Táboa 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Validez converxente e discriminante</title>
</caption>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:12px;font-family:'Cambria'" id="gt3-526564616c7963">
<thead>
<tr style="border-top:solid 1pt">
<th style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt"/>
<th style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">ALPHA<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN3">1</xref></sup></th>
<th style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">CR<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN4">2</xref></sup></th>
<th style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">CFC<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN5">3</xref></sup></th>
<th style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">AVE<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN6">4</xref></sup></th>
<th style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">VD<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN7">5</xref></sup></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border:none;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">Liderado ético</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">.920</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">&gt; 1.96</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">.830</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">.690</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">.830</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">Clima benevolente</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">.880</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">&gt; 1.96</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">.880</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">.540</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">.660</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt">Autoeficacia creativa</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">.700</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">&gt; 1.96</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">.760</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">.440</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right">.670</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;border-bottom:solid 1pt">Compromiso continuidade</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right;border-bottom:solid 1pt">.720</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right;border-bottom:solid 1pt">&gt; 1.96</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right;border-bottom:solid 1pt">.740</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right;border-bottom:solid 1pt">.450</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;text-align:right;border-bottom:solid 1pt">.730</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN3">
<p>Nota xeral: 1. Alpha de Cronbach.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN4">
<label>2.</label>
<p>Coeficientes críticos.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN5">
<label>3.</label>
<p>Confiabilidade composta.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN6">
<label>4.</label> 
<p>Varianza media extraída.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN7">
<label>5.</label> 
<p>Validez discriminante.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>A táboa mostra a análise condicional para verificar as diferentes hipóteses. O efecto indirecto é significativo a condición de que non inclúa o 0 entre os intervalos (LLCI ou ULCI). O coeficiente R2 é un indicador de idoneidade do modelo de regresión suxerido e xustifica o 35% da varianza - variable dependente clima ético benevolente (BEC). (R = 59.6, R2 = .355, F = 40.44, p &lt; .001).</p>
<p>As diferentes análises de regresión xustifican as hipóteses expostas nesta orde:</p>
<p>H1. O liderado ético asóciase positivamente cun clima ético benevolente, verifícase a través do roteiro c1’(B = .713; t = 5.09; p &lt; .001). H2. O liderado ético e a autoeficacia creativa relaciónanse positivamente, confírmase co roteiro a1i (B = .425; t = 3.76; p &lt; .001). H3. A autoeficacia creativa media positivamente a relación entre liderado ético e clima ético benevolente, compróbase mediante o roteiro a1i (B = .425; t = 3.76; p &lt; .001) e o roteiro bi (B = .276; t = 4.74; p &lt; .001). H4. O compromiso de continuidade modera inversamente a relación positiva entre liderado ético e autoeficacia creativa. A maior percepción de compromiso de continuidade, menor influencia positiva do liderado ético sobre a autoeficacia creativa, xustifícase de varias formas. (1). Roteiro a3i (B = -.012; t = -2.38; p &lt; .05). (2). Efectos condicionais baixo (18); medio (22) e alto (27). Por último, H5. O compromiso de continuidade modera inversamente a relación positiva entre liderado ético e clima benevolente. A maior percepción de compromiso de continuidade, menor influencia positiva do liderado ético sobre un clima de benevolencia, corrobórase mediante (1). Roteiro c3’(B = -.014; t = -2.27; p &lt; .05). (2). Efectos condicionais baixo (18); medio (22) e alto (27).</p>

<p>
<table-wrap id="gt3">
<label>Táboa 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Resultados da análise de mediación e moderación LET <italic>vs.</italic> BEC (95 %) IC (R2 = .355) (<italic>f2</italic> =.611; Alto)</title>
</caption>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:12px;font-family:'Cambria'" id="gt4-526564616c7963">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:8px;text-align:center" colspan="2">Efecto</th>
<th style="border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:8px;text-align:center">Ruta</th>
<th style="border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:8px;text-align:center;">β</th>
<th style="border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:8px;text-align:center;">p</th>
<th style="border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:8px;text-align:center;">t</th>
<th style="border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:8px;text-align:center;">ES</th>
<th style="border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:8px;text-align:center;">LLCI</th>
<th style="border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:8px;text-align:center;">ULCI</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding:8px">Efecto ETL<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN8">1</xref></sup> – CSE<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN9">2</xref></sup></td>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">a1i</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.425</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.001</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">3.764</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.113</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.203</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.646</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:8px">Efecto CC<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN10">3</xref></sup> - CSE</td>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">a2i</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.678</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.011</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">2.542</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.267</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.154</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">1.203</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:8px">Efecto ETL x CC - CSE</td>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">a3i</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">-.012</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.018</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">-2.381</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.005</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">-.022</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">-.002</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:8px;vertical-align:middle;white-space:pre-line" rowspan="3">Efecto condicional X (ETL) - 
Mi (CSE) (moderador CC)</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">Baixo (18)</td>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.206</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.001</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">6.308</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.033</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.142</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.270</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">Medio (22)</td>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.158</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.001</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">5.695</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.028</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.103</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.212</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">Alto (27)</td>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.097</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.014</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">2.455</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.039</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.019</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.174</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:8px">Efecto ETL – BEC<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN11">4</xref></sup></td>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">c1’</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.703</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.001</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">5.098</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.140</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.438</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.988</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:8px">Efecto CC - BEC</td>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">c2’</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.825</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.009</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">2.637</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.328</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.220</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">1.509</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:8px">Efecto ETL x CC - BEC</td>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">c3’</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">-.014</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.023</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">-2.274</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.006</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">-.027</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">-.002</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:8px">Efecto CSE - BEC</td>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">bi</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.276</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.001</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">4.744</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.058</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.161</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.390</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:8px;vertical-align:middle;white-space:pre-line" rowspan="3">Efecto condicional X (ETL) - 
Y (BEC) (moderador CC)</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">Baixo (18)</td>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.457</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.001</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">10.965</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.042</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.375</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.538</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">Medio (22)</td>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.400</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.001</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">11.423</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.035</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.331</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.468</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">Alto (27)</td>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.328</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.001</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">6.774</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.048</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.233</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.424</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:8px">Efecto Sexo - CSE</td>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">-1.32</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.004</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">-2.891</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.455</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">-2.207</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">-.421</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:8px">Efecto Antigüedade - CSE</td>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">-.073</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.553</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">-.594</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.123</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">-.316</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.169</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:8px">Efecto Sexo - BEC</td>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px"/>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.627</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.263</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">1.120</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">.560</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">-.473</td>
<td style="padding:8px;text-align:center">1.727</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:8px">Efecto antigüedade - BEC</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:8px"/>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:8px"/>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:8px;text-align:center">-.227</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:8px;text-align:center">.133</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:8px;text-align:center">-1.507</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:8px;text-align:center">.151</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:8px;text-align:center">-.523</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:8px;text-align:center">.069</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN8">
<label>Nota xeral 1.</label>
<p>Liderazgo ético.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN9">
<label>2.</label>
<p>Autoeficacia Creativa</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN10">
<label>3.</label>
<p>Compromiso continuidade.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN11">
<label>4.</label>
<p>Clima Ético Benevolente.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN12">
<p>Forza estadística: <italic>f2</italic>=.02 (baixo), <italic>f2</italic>=.15 (medio), <italic>f2</italic>=.35 (alto).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf1">Figura 1</xref> mostra diferentes procesos: (1) Mediación da autoeficacia creativa (ETL-BEC). (2) Dobre moderación do compromiso de continuidade (ETL-CSE) e (ETL-BEC).</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf1">
<label>Figura 1.</label>
<caption>
<title>Resultados da análise de regresión (coeficientes non estandarizados)</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="9092_gf1.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<attrib>Fonte: elaboración propia.</attrib>
</fig>
</p>
<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf2">Figura 2</xref> representa a moderación do compromiso de continuidade (W) a partir da relación que teñen o liderado ético (X) e a autoeficacia creativa (Mi), tomando en consideración os valores que facilita a macro Process para a variable W (puntuación media +/-1 veces a súa desviación estándar). Estes graos son: Alto (vinte e sete). Medio (vinte e dous). Baixo (dezaoito). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf3">Figura 3</xref> especifica o sentido condicional de X sobre Mi tendo en conta os valores que incorpora W. Para facilitar os datos, recórrese ao método de Johnson-Neyman. O 91 % da mostra está situado no cuadrante superior esquerdo cando W é igual ou inferior a 27.986.</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf2">
<label>Figura 2.</label>
<caption>
<title>Efecto moderador compromiso continuidade (baixo, medio e alto)</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="9092_gf2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf3">
<label>Figura 3.</label>
<caption>
<title>Efecto condicional do liderado ético sobre a autoeficacia creativa en función do compromiso de continuidade</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="9092_gf3.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf4">Figura 4</xref> representa a moderación de (W) a partir da relación entre liderado ético (X) e un clima ético benevolente (E), tomando en consideración os valores que facilita a macro Process para a variable W (puntuación media +/-1 veces a súa desviación estándar). Estes graos son: (1) Baixo (dezaoito). (2) Medio (vinte e dous). (3) Alto (vinte e sete). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf5">Figura 5</xref> especifica o sentido condicional de (X) sobre (E) tendo en conta os valores que incorpora W. Para facilitar os datos, recórrese ao método de Johnson-Neyman. O 100 % da mostra está situada no cuadrante superior esquerdo.</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf4">
<label>Figura 4.</label>
<caption>
<title>Efecto moderador compromiso continuidade (baixo, medio e alto)</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="9092_gf4.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf5">
<label>Figura 5.</label>
<caption>
<title>Efecto condicional do compromiso de continuidade respecto a liderado ético – clima benevolente</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="9092_gf5.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf6">Figura 6</xref> mostra un compromiso de continuidade (CC) de moderado a alto en ambos os sexos. A antigüidade non é factor que inflúa de forma relevante. O sector eléctrico colombiano e, especificamente, as empresas públicas caracterízanse por salarios moi altos que poden acentuar ese compromiso extrínseco. A zona central mostra CC medio-alto; a esquerda baixo e a dereita alto.</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf6">
<label>Figura 6.</label>
<caption>
<title>Compromiso de continuidade respecto á antigüidade laboral e sexo do enquisado</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="9092_gf6.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>5. DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS</title>
<p>Seguindo a estrutura do modelo exposto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf1">Figura 1</xref>), o primeiro resultado destacado é a relación entre liderado ético e autoeficacia creativa (hipótese 2; <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt3">Táboa 3</xref> – ruta a1i). O resultado está en consonancia coa análise feita por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">Mehmood (2016)</xref> pero mellorando o seu alcance, xa que esta investigación está contextualizada nun contorno virtual de traballo.</p>
<p>De feito, cando os seguidores perciben actitudes éticas inusuais nos seus líderes, o comportamento creativo tende a mellorar mediante unha rede didáctica común (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">Chen &amp; Hou, 2016</xref>). Por tanto, un ambiente laboral en consonancia require un estilo de dirección íntegro que actúe a modo de recurso laboral e consolide as relacións de confianza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref96">Wang et al., 2022</xref>). Probablemente, a confianza compartida actúa como unha estrutura social e relacional que estimula o empregado a contrarrestar posibles obstáculos con grande autoeficacia creativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">Islam &amp; Asade, 2021</xref>). En realidade, o liderado ético caracterízase por construír un hábitat onde predomina unha alta percepción de autonomía, suxeita a un <italic>feedback</italic> constante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref80">Shafique et al., 2019</xref>) que deriva en respostas con maior esforzo individual, persistencia e autoeficacia creativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref59">Orth &amp; Volmer, 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Doutra banda, a autoeficacia creativa asume un dobre papel descoñecido ata o momento, polo menos en función da exploración realizada ao longo deste estudo. En concreto, relaciónase significativamente cun clima ético benevolente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt3">Táboa 3</xref> – ruta bi) e, ademais, media a interacción entre liderado ético e este clima organizacional específico (hipótese 3; <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt3">Táboa 3</xref> – rutas a1i e bi). Unha resposta afín con estas novas relacións pode vir a través do modelo de cinco factores (FFM) da personalidade.</p>
<p>Nese sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">Karwowski et al. (2013)</xref> establecen vínculos positivos entre autoeficacia creativa e trazos persoais como apertura á experiencia, escrupulosidade e extraversión. Un individuo orixinal, sensible, cun razoamento autónomo e con criterios pouco comúns, que sexa capaz de controlar e dirixir os seus impulsos con vontade, constancia, audacia, exactitude e confianza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref50">McCrae &amp; Greenberg, 2014</xref>) é probable que se relacione cun clima ético benevolente apoiado nas relacións de amizade, no interese de grupo e na responsabilidade social empresarial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">Blome &amp; Paulraj, 2013</xref>). Ademais, a extraversión articúlase co OCB (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">Dietl &amp; Kombeiz, 2021</xref>) xunto con certas vantaxes motivacionais e emocionais, pois implica unha adaptación exitosa mediante relacións interpersoais construtivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">Wilmot et al., 2019</xref>). Deste xeito, o OCB orientado ao interese de grupo vincúlase cun clima ético benevolente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">Huang et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>Analízase con máis exactitude a interacción entre a autoeficacia creativa e as tres dimensións que configuran un clima ético benevolente. A amizade relaciónase coa apertura á experiencia, coa extraversión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">Laakasuo et al., 2017</xref>) e coa escrupulosidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">Harris &amp; Vazire, 2016</xref>). Neste sentido, estes tres aspectos son atributos implícitos da autoeficacia creativa.</p>
<p>Na mesma liña, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref103">Zhou et al. (2017)</xref> consideran que a apertura á experiencia e á extraversión son peculiaridades da personalidade que tenden a fortalecer as relacións interpersoais. Así mesmo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">Ellershaw et al. (2016)</xref> van máis aló e expoñen un axuste entre individuo e organización a través da apertura á experiencia, á escrupulosidade e á extraversión, chegando á conclusión que estes tres aspectos melloran a satisfacción laboral e o compromiso. Probablemente, a implicación laboral asociada ao compromiso estreita as relacións interpersoais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref65">Ramalho Luz et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref66">Raziq &amp; Maulabakhsh, 2015</xref>).</p>
<p>Por último, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">Hrazdil et al. (2021)</xref> asocian a responsabilidade social empresarial (RSE), como última dimensión dun clima ético benevolente, coa escrupulosidade e coa extraversión, pero non coa apertura á experiencia.</p>
<p>En realidade, a apertura á experiencia é unha predisposición do comportamento que ten que ser incentivada a través de realimentacións constantes e construtivas que xeren plenitude e intensidade na actividade laboral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref97">Wanzer et al., 2020</xref>). Con todo, é razoable pensar que a curiosidade intelectual, a creatividade ou a preferencia pola novidade non sexan imprescindibles para que a RSE progrese. Así mesmo, a escrupulosidade tende a darse en persoas dignas de confianza, dilixentes e altamente normativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">Amin et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">Feist, 2019</xref>). En definitiva, a extraversión asóciase coa calidez, coa accesibilidade e co carisma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref100">Xu et al., 2011</xref>), características prioritarias do liderado ético (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">Amin et al., 2020</xref>). Isto explica a mediación da autoeficacia creativa, pois triangula case por completo a relación entre liderado ético e clima ético benevolente.</p>
<p>En terceiro lugar, cando o liderado ético coincide co compromiso de continuidade, esta confluencia desnaturaliza a forte relación que ten coa autoeficacia creativa (hipótese 4; Figuras <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf2">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf3">3</xref>; <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt3">Táboa 3</xref> – ruta a3i). En especial, as Figuras <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf2">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf3">3 </xref>mostran que o compromiso de continuidade representa un obstáculo para que o liderado ético (X) inflúa sobre a autoeficacia creativa (Mi) do empregado. A presenza do compromiso de continuidade atenúa gradualmente a relación entre X e Mi ata detela (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf3">Figura 3</xref>), o que representa outro achado inédito desta investigación.</p>
<p>Para ese efecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">Lambert et al. (2018)</xref> observan que o compromiso de continuidade favorece a permanencia organizacional de individuos con altos niveis de insatisfacción laboral, esgotamento emocional e despersonalización. Sen dúbida, unha crecente desafección deriva en ineficacia e pasividade. De feito, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref93">Ucar et al. (2020)</xref> expoñen unha estreita relación entre compromiso de continuidade e neuroticismo, o que significa que o empregado mostra síntomas de intranquilidade persoal, desconfianza e emocións negativas que, dificilmente, poden relacionarse co concepto de autoeficacia creativa. Polo xeral, as formulacións orixinais adoitan apoiarse en respostas rápidas, para afrontar a frustración ou o conformismo, e así poder alcanzar as metas previstas.</p>
<p>Ademais, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref84">Syed et al. (2015)</xref> engaden que o compromiso de continuidade se asocia negativamente coa apertura á experiencia e non ten puntos de contacto coa escrupulosidade e a extraversión, o que confirma que este tipo de compromiso non estimula un comportamento dinámico. En realidade, un compromiso de permanencia articúlase máis con responsabilidades percibidas e non cunha actividade laboral que busque a excelencia a través da autoeficacia creativa. Por conseguinte, o empregado que ten como única aspiración permanecer nunha organización a través dun compromiso de continuidade rara vez se sentirá cativado por un liderado ético que está naturalmente enfocado cara ás persoas e á expansión das súas competencias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">Feng et al., 2018</xref>). Nese senso, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref88">Tierney y Farmer (2011)</xref> confirman que a autoeficacia creativa depende das expectativas creativas que deposita o líder sobre o empregado, o que explica que o compromiso de continuidade obstrúa totalmente a relación xenuína entre liderado ético e autoeficacia creativa.</p>
<p>Un resultado esperado é a ampla afinidade entre liderado ético e clima ético benevolente  (hipótese 1; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf1">Figura 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt3">Táboa 3</xref> – ruta c1’), o que se axusta con (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">Demirtas &amp; Akdogan, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">Duane Hansen et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref49">Lu &amp; Lin, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref81">Shin et al., 2015</xref>). Nesta dirección, os seguidores extraen información ética dos seus líderes a través da observación. Xa que logo, desde ese punto de vista a responsabilidade social empresarial (RSE) é un factor contextual clave que guía as percepcións éticas cara a un clima organizacional baseado na benevolencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">Duane Hansen et al., 2016</xref>). En realidade, a RSE xunto cos principios éticos transmítenselle ao seguidor mediante a relación recíproca que mantén a organización con certos grupos de interese. Por tanto, a influencia do líder ético e a súa credibilidade pódense deducir das prácticas de RSE que establecen os sectores empresariais. De feito, a RSE adoita utilizarse como unha medida de xustiza interna organizativa que relaciona a confianza dos empregados cunha xestión ética (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref91">Tourigny et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Doutra banda, as frustracións son situacións emocionais inherentes ao traballo que poden limitarse a través dun forte apoio social que facilite un rápido restablecemento da autoeficacia. En verdade, o grao de amizade no lugar de traballo, cando é alto, pon ao dispor do seguidor unha amplitude de recursos sociais que son útiles para optimizar a aprendizaxe dos líderes éticos. Desde logo, o apoio afectivo estimula a asimilación de pautas morais e induce ao seguidor a unha reflexión constante que compara a súa actitude co modelo ético institucional. Por tanto, un clima comprensivo e benévolo ofrece a oportunidade de aprender e reducir o risco que supón afastarse das metas preestablecidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">Liu et al., 2013</xref>). De igual maneira, a amizade permite que o líder e o seguidor estreiten as relacións de intercambio e que esa situación favoreza un <italic>feedback</italic> que integre, de forma natural, a análise sobre o desempeño ético (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref99">Wulandari &amp; Helmy, 2022)</xref>.</p>
<p>En efecto, as relacións interpersoais e a súa consistencia dan lugar a seguidores apaixonados co seu traballo que constrúen vínculos orientados ao interese de grupo, é dicir, interaccións de alta calidade baseadas na confianza e no coidado mutuos, xunto con constantes pactos de cooperación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">Anser et al., 2021</xref>). Dese xeito, o líder ético actúa a modo de recurso laboral crítico, pois ten unha clara tendencia a impulsar procesos positivos de intercambio social que se inclinan cara a un patrón de correspondencia interpersoal de alto nivel. De feito, a vontade de axudar os demais suxire normas positivas de reciprocidade baseadas na satisfacción e na confianza. Ademais, o líder ético prevén o comportamento antisocial mediante políticas de inclusión que establecen un clima relacional positivo, o que evita a sensación de rexeitamento, discriminación e ostracismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">Christensen-Salem et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>Para terminar, o compromiso de continuidade interrompe progresiva e constantemente a relación entre liderado ético e clima ético benevolente, o que supón o último descubrimento deste estudo (hipótese 5; Figuras <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf4">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf5">5</xref>; <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt3">Táboa 3</xref> – ruta c3’).</p>
<p>Nese sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref85">Taing et al. (2011)</xref> chegan á conclusión de que os empregados que se senten obrigados a permanecer nunha organización, por non contar con outras oportunidades laborais, experimentan un OCB superficial que adoita ir acompañado dun baixo desempeño. Ademais, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref27">Garland et al. (2014)</xref> consideran que o compromiso de continuidade é afín coas tres dimensións do <italic>burnout</italic>. En consecuencia, unha persoa esgotada emocionalmente moi poucas veces se sentirá atraída polos valores organizacionais que desprenda un líder ético, e é posible que modifique a súa conduta ata converterse nun impedimento para calquera iniciativa de cambio organizativo (Figuras <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf4">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf5">5</xref>).</p>
<p>De feito, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">Lambert et al. (2015)</xref> asocian o compromiso de permanencia cunha baixa implicación no traballo, estrés e altos índices de insatisfacción laboral. Por conseguinte, este tipo de compromiso é pouco compatible coas sólidas relacións prosociais que unen o líder ético cun clima benevolente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref86">Thant &amp; Chang, 2021</xref>). Así mesmo, o descontento no traballo, independentemente das políticas organizativas, desencadea un alto interese persoal que tende a prexudicar a eficacia colectiva e suspende o ímpeto social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">De Clercq et al., 2019</xref>). É dicir, o individuo perde influencia interpersoal, capacidade de adaptación e integridade na comunicación. Sen dúbida, o desánimo deteriora as relacións de amizade e o contacto entre os empregados, o que á súa vez desata condutas de neglixencia e de irresponsabilidade social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">Bocean et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>6. CONCLUSIÓNS</title>
<p>O liderado ético e o clima benevolente dan forma a un ecosistema de estándares, comportamentos e toma de decisións que se converten en modelos de vida que non só impulsan o desenvolvemento sostible do sector eléctrico colombiano, senón que tamén son ferramentas necesarias para transformar todo un país.</p>
<p>Colombia require urxentemente modelos culturais cunha gran riqueza de valores que eviten condutas deshonestas e que impacten positivamente na pobreza e na desigualdade. Especificamente, un clima ético benevolente agrupa semellanzas e atrae individuos que senten cómodos compartindo xuntos. De feito, a amizade amortece efectos negativos como o estrés, facilita a cooperación e o intercambio de ideas, sendo ademais un transmisor de reciprocidade, confianza e apoio emocional.</p>
<p>Así mesmo, o interese polo grupo e as relacións interpersoais estimulan o sentido de pertenza, o que permite unha integración natural dos trazos distintivos que acompañan a cada individuo e que todo isto configure un hábitat de estabilidade emocional e de autoconfianza. Por último, a RSE dá orixe ao concepto de traballo significativo e solidario, o que amplía os rangos de motivación intrínseca, de compromiso afectivo e de empatía.</p>
<p>Probablemente, o comportamento bondadoso e próximo do líder ético é unha condición necesaria para construír un clima que se apoie nas relacións de amizade e nunha explícita preocupación social. O carácter íntegro do líder ético difúndese, con rapidez, a través de contornos socioculturais onde as decisións teñen unha perspectiva estendida cara ao moral e ao colectivo. Polo tanto, un líder ético inflúe nas actitudes dos individuos que forman parte dun clima ético benevolente.</p>
<p>Doutra banda, a autoeficacia creativa adquire un papel relevante como constructo mediador. Neste sentido, a autoestima e as capacidades individuais innovadoras facilitan a relación entre a creatividade potencial e o logro creativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref75">Santiago-Torner, 2023g</xref>). Ademais, certos trazos asociados coa autoeficacia creativa como, por exemplo, a apertura á experiencia, a escrupulosidade e a extraversión son capaces de fortalecer a relación orgánica entre o liderado ético e un clima laboral benévolo. En realidade, o pensamento diverxente, a orixinalidade, a orientación ao cambio, a persistencia ou unha motivación conectada cuns sólidos lazos sociais axústanse con características propias do liderado ético como poden ser a honestidade, a coherencia, a flexibilidade, a humildade ou a paciencia.</p>
<p>Para rematar, cando a identificación entre empregado e organización non contén conexións intrínsecas xéranse baleiros emocionais que tenden á insatisfacción. Os estados de ánimo flutuantes, a tensión, a baixa autoconfianza e a alta sensibilidade cara a diversos elementos que facilitan o estrés son obstáculos que evitan a progresión do liderado ético e interfiren na súa relación coa autoeficacia creativa ou cun clima benevolente. De feito, o compromiso de continuidade apunta cara a unha inequívoca redución da percepción de competencia, o que detén totalmente a influencia do liderado ético sobre a autoeficacia creativa e un clima orientado á benevolencia.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>7. IMPLICACIÓNS PRÁCTICAS E FUTURAS INVESTIGACIÓNS</title>
<p>En primeiro lugar, establecer un clima de seguridade psicolóxica representa moldear un estado ambiental que inflúa no seguidor a través de autopercepcións de idoneidade, certeza e capacidade para anticiparse a un logro creativo con alta autoeficacia. Neste sentido, o líder ético constrúe un ecosistema organizacional que reduce a incerteza, ao articular estándares éticos, roles e normas de comportamento que teñen as súas bases na confianza interpersoal e no respecto mutuo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref92">Tu et al., 2019</xref>). Nunha dirección parecida, un clima benevolente debuxa un contexto laboral convencido do papel de cada un dos seus integrantes, da confianza entre os seus membros e do respecto polas diferenzas interindividuais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">Potipiroon &amp; Wongpreedee, 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>Polo tanto, fomentar un clima de seguridade psicolóxica inclusivo, que teña en conta os empregados independentemente da súa antigüidade, pode motivar un hábitat institucional orientado á aprendizaxe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref67">Richard et al., 2019</xref>) que, ademais de fortalecer as relacións interpersoais, afaste o seguidor da pasividade asociada a un compromiso de continuidade. Ademais, un clima integrador propicia unha maior autoeficacia creativa mediante unha comunicación constante, entre empregados de diferentes xeracións, que impide que o seguidor máis experto progrese innecesariamente cara á conformidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref95">Walia, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>En segundo lugar, o sector eléctrico colombiano diferénciase pola alta formación universitaria dos seus integrantes. Consecuentemente, o encontro entre un líder ético e un clima benévolo tenderá a impulsar maiores niveis de motivación intrínseca, ao unir valores persoais e organizativos a través de concesións mutuas. Nese senso, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref89">Tobón et al. (2014)</xref> confirman que o alcance académico sustenta o desenvolvemento de valores conectados coa responsabilidade social e laboral. Con este propósito, outra implicación práctica pode estar orientada a incluír programas de formación, e non só para novos líderes éticos, que reforcen cuestións clave como o trato equitativo, a importancia social do traballo e unha comunicación multidireccional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">Feng et al., 2018</xref>). Esta nova mirada pode influír na motivación intrínseca do seguidor e que isto, ademais dun compromiso ético, tamén estableza un camiño que modifique o impacto negativo do compromiso de continuidade.</p>
<p>Unha terceira implicación práctica é desenvolver un maior OCB entre os empregados mediante un liderado ético especialmente interactivo. Usualmente, o OCB interconéctase voluntariamente coa satisfacción laboral e diminúe os niveis de esgotamento emocional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">Hayat Bhatti et al., 2019</xref>). Por esa razón, incluír o seguidor na elaboración de directrices organizacionais pode transformar o compromiso de continuidade en afectivo. De feito, os impulsos afectivos, mediante unha distribución equitativa de funcións e responsabilidades xunto cun apoio constante, estreitan a percepción de seguridade psicolóxica, o que anima o seguidor para que se arrisque e se supere a si mesmo, cunha dedicación superior ao labor, e que transforme as súas dinámicas continuístas noutras intrínsecas e afectivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">Abuzaid, 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Esta investigación abre o camiño para poder utilizar o mesmo modelo pero variando a variable independente por outros climas éticos, como o de principios. Ademais, pódense utilizar como constructos moderadores ou mediadores o compromiso afectivo ou o normativo, para entender mellor a asociación entre liderado ético e climas organizacionais.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>8. LIMITACIÓNS</title>
<p>Esta investigación enfócase nun sector específico, o eléctrico colombiano, o que diminúe as opcións de poder estender os resultados cara a outras zonas da América Latina. Con todo, o uso dunha mostraxe probabilística por conglomerados xeográficos pluraliza os lugares dos que se extraeu a información, o que incrementa a validez do estudo e impide varios nesgos. Por último, a transversalidade non permite precisar con certeza unha asociación temporal idónea adecuada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref83">Solem, 2015</xref>). Suxírese un estudo lonxitudinal para darlles maior solidez aos resultados obtidos. Ademais, é unha boa aproximación para comezar unha discusión noutras áreas industriais do país e inclusive da América Latina. Para rematar, outros constructos mediadores ou moderadores, por exemplo a autonomía laboral, a motivación intrínseca, o compromiso organizacional, a personalidade, o comportamento ou o desempeño creativos, xunto con algunhas dimensións do <italic>burnout</italic>, poden consolidar a relación que ten un líder ético respecto a un clima benevolente ou a outros climas éticos, como o egoísta ou o de principios.</p>
</sec>
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