Neutralization of phonological oppositions and Anglophone non-functionalists*
Contenido principal del artículo
Vol. 31 (2025), Artículos
Recibido: 2025-12-15
Publicado: 2026-09-14
Resumen
It is a fact that ‘classic’ books on English phonetics concentrated on the domain of phonetics proper, mainly articulatory phonetics. From early 1960s on, books on English phonetics started adding some information on chosen subjects of phonology. The notion of neutralization is one of such subjects. Functionalists are generally unacquainted with what Anglophone non-functionalists have been saying on neutralization, and Anglophone non-functionalists in turn scarcely realize what may be wrong with what they have been saying on neutralization. In this paper I will look at what a few chosen writers on English phonetics and phonology write about ‘neutralization’. These writers are Gimson, Cruttenden, Roach, O’Connor, Collins, Mees & Carley, Wells, Bloch & Trager, Hockett, Joos, Hall, Hubbell, and Berger.
Palabras clave:
functionalists, phonological opposition, exclusive opposition, neutralizable opposition, neutralization, context of relevance, context of neutralization, phoneme, relevant feature, common base, archiphoneme, di-phonemic analysis, limited distribution of phonemes, overlapping of allophones, merger, field of dispersion, linguistic sentiment
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Detalles del artículo
Referencias
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AKAMATSU, Tsutomu (2008): “Opposition in phonology”. Contextos XXV-XXVI/49-52: 157-70. Universidad de León. Also available in Spanish translation, Akamatsu (2022b).
AKAMATSU, Tsutomu (2015): “Exclusive opposition and non-exclusive opposition”. La Linguistique 51/1, 89-107. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
AKAMATSU, Tsutomu (2017): “Validity or invalidity of oppositions between ‘nasal’ phonemes in English”. La Linguistique 53/1 (2017), 19-50. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France
AKAMATSU, Tsutomu (2019): “Commutation test in action: Establishing the English consonantal phonematic system’’. Moenia 25. 345-438. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico.
AKAMATSU, Tsutomu (2022a): “Neutralization of /č/ vs /ǰ/ in English, a new discovery?”. Actes du XLIIème Colloque international de linguistique fonctionnelle (Paris, 2021). 177-81. Louvain-la-Neuve: EME Editions.
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TRUBETZKOY, Nicholai Sergeyevich (1936b): “Die Aufhebung der phonologischen Gegensätze”. TCLP 6, 29‑45. Prague: Jednota českoslovensých matematiků a fysiků.
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Viëtor, Wilhelm (1893a): Französische Lauttafel (System Viëtor). Marburg. Elwert.
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Viëtor, Wilhelm (1893c): Englische Lauttefel (System Viëtor). Marburg: Elwert.
Viëtor, Wilhelm (1899): Elements of phonetics: English, French and German. Transl. and adapted by W. Rippmann of Viëtor (1884). London: Dent.
Viëtor, Wilhelm (1902): Französische Lauttafel (System Viëtor). 2nd ed. Marburg: Elwert.
Viëtor, Wilhelm (1915): Kleine Phonetik des Deutschen, Englischen und Französischen. Bonn: Georgi.
WARD, Ida Caroline (1929): English Phonetics. Cambridge: Heffer.
WELLS, John Christopher (1994): “The Cockneyfication of R.P.”. In Gunnel Melchers & Nils‑Lennart Johannesson (eds.), Nonstandard varieties of language. Papers from the Stockholm Symposium, 11-13 April 1991. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wilksell International, 1994. ISBN 91-22-01635-X.
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AKAMATSU, Tsutomu (1973): ‘The Neutralization of the /m/-/n/ Opposition in English”. Bulletin of the Phonetic Society of Japan 143, 4-9. Tokyo.
AKAMATSU, Tsutomu (1988): The Theory of Neutralization and the Archiphoneme in Functional Phonology. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
AKAMATSU, Tsutomu (1992): Essentials of functional phonology. Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters.
AKAMATSU, Tsutomu (2008): “Opposition in phonology”. Contextos XXV-XXVI/49-52: 157-70. Universidad de León. Also available in Spanish translation, Akamatsu (2022b).
AKAMATSU, Tsutomu (2015): “Exclusive opposition and non-exclusive opposition”. La Linguistique 51/1, 89-107. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
AKAMATSU, Tsutomu (2017): “Validity or invalidity of oppositions between ‘nasal’ phonemes in English”. La Linguistique 53/1 (2017), 19-50. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France
AKAMATSU, Tsutomu (2019): “Commutation test in action: Establishing the English consonantal phonematic system’’. Moenia 25. 345-438. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico.
AKAMATSU, Tsutomu (2022a): “Neutralization of /č/ vs /ǰ/ in English, a new discovery?”. Actes du XLIIème Colloque international de linguistique fonctionnelle (Paris, 2021). 177-81. Louvain-la-Neuve: EME Editions.
AKAMATSU, Tsutomu (2022b): “La noción de oposición en fonología”. Transl. by Celia Veiga Pérez of Akamatsu (2008). Sistematicidad y variación en la fonología del español. Álvaro Arias Cabal (ed. lit.), 13‑39. Lugo: Axac.
ASHBY, Patricia (2011): Understanding Phonetics. London: Hodder Education.
BALTAXE, Christina Ann (1978): Foundations of Distinctive Feature Theory. Baltimore. University Park Press.
BERGER, Marshall Daniel (1949): “Neutralization in American English Vowels’’ Word 5/3, 255-7.
BLOCH, Bernard & George Leonard TRAGER (1942): Outline of Linguistic Analysis. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America.
CHOMSKY, Avram Noam & Morris HALLE (1968): The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row.
CHRISTOPHERSEN, Paul (1956): An English Phonetics Course. London/New York/Toronto: Longmans.
COLLINS Beverley, Inger Margarete MEES & Paul CARLEY (2019): Practical Phonetics and Phonology. London: Routledge.
COVENEY, Aidan (2001): The sounds of contemporary French: Articulation and diversity. Exeter: Elm Bank Publication.
DAVIDSEN-NIELSEN, Niels (1969): “English Stops after initial /s/”. English Studies 4, 1-19. Amsterdam.
EPD. See JONES (An English Pronouncing Dictionary).
GIMSON, Arthur Charles (1962, 1970, 1980, 1989, 1994, 2001, 2008, 2014): An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English. London: Edward Arnold (1962-2001) / Hodder Education (2008) / Routledge (2014).
GRANDGENT, Charles Hall (1892): German and English Sounds. Boston: Ginn & Company.
HALL, Robert Anderson Jr (1964): Introductory Linguistics. Philadelphia: Chilton Company.
HOCKETT, Charles Francis (1942): “A System of Descriptive Phonology”. Language 18, 3-21. Repr. in Readings In Linguistics (RIL) (1957): 97-108.
HUBBELL, Allan Forbes (1950): The Pronunciation of English in New York City: Consonants and Vowels. New York: King’s Crown Press.
HUBBELL, Allan Forbes (1972): Reprint of Hubbell (1950). New York: Octagon Books.
JAKOBSON, Roman Osipovich (1941): Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze. Upsall: Almqvist & Wiksell.
JAKOBSON, Roman Osipovich, Gunnar FANT & Morris HALLE (1952): Preliminary to Speech Analysis: The distinctive features and their correlates. Acoustics Laboratory. Technical Report No. 13. New York: Harper & Row.
JONES, Daniel (1909): The Pronunciation of English. Cambridge University Press. Dates of the subsequent ed. are 1914, 1950, 1956.
JONES, Daniel: An English Pronouncing Dictionary (EPD) (1917, 1924, 1926, 1937, 1940, 1944, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1956, 1963, 1967, 1977, 1997, 2003, 2006, 2011). Note. 1917-1977 were published in London: Dent, while 1997-2011 (ed. by P Roach et alia.) were published as Daniel Jones Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary and published by Cambridge University Press.
JONES, Daniel: An English Pronouncing Dictionary (JONES, Daniel: 1977, viz. EPD 14th ed).
JONES, Daniel (1918): An Outline of English Phonetics. Leipzig: Teubner / Cambridge: Heffer. Dates of the subsequent ed. are 1922, 1932, 1936, 1939, 1949, 1957.
JONES, Daniel (1957: § 190). See JONES, Daniel (1918).
JONES, Daniel (1962): The Phoneme: its Nature and Use. Cambridge: Heffer.
JOOS, Martin (1957): Comment in RIL (1957: 419).
LPD. (Longman Pronunciation Dictionary). See WELLS (1990, 2000, 2008).
MACCARTHY, Peter Arthur Desmond (1944): English Pronunciation: A Practical Handbook for the Foreign Learner. Cambridge: Heffer.
MARTINET, André (1949): Phonology as Functional Phonetics. London: Oxford University Press.
MARTINET, André (1955, 1964): Économie des changements phonétiques: Traité de phonologie diachronique. Berne: A Francke. Note: There exists a new edition (2005), with Avant-Préface André Martinet, sa vie, son œuvre (by Jeanne Martinet). Paris: Maison & Larose.
MARTINET, André (1956): La description phonologique avec application au parler franco-provençal d’Hauteville (Savoie). Genève: Droz / Paris: Minard.
MARTINET, André (1960): Éléments de linguistique générale. Paris: Armand Colin.
MARTINET, André (1965): La linguistique synchronique: Études et Recherches. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
MARTINET, André (1968): “Neutralisation et syncrétisme”. La Linguistique 1, 1-20. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
MARTINET, André (1993): Mémoires d’un linguiste, vivre les langues. Paris: Quai Voltaire-Edima.
O’CONNOR, Joseph Desmond (1973): Phonetics. Harmondsworth. Penguin Books Ltd.
PALMER, Harold Edward (1917): A First Course of English Phonetics. Cambridge: Heffer.
RIL (Readings in Linguistics I) (1957). Chicago / London: The University of Chicago Press.
RIPMAN, Walter (1908): The Sounds of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
RIPMAN, Walter (1922): Good speech: An introduction to English phonetics. London: Dent / Toronto. Dutton.
ROACH, Peter (1983, 1991, 2000, 2009a): Introduction to English Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ROACH, Peter (1992): Introducing phonetics. London: Penguin Books Ltd.
ROACH, Peter (2009b): English phonetics and phonology. Glossary (a little encyclopaedia of phonetics). PDF.
SCHOLLE, Wilhelm & George SMITH (1903): Elementary phonetics: English, French, German. London: Black.
SOAMES, Laura (1891): An introduction to phonetics (English, French and German). London: Swan Sonnenschein / New York: MacMillan.
SOAMES, Laura (1899): An Introduction to English, French and German phonetics. 2nd ed. of Soames (1891), revised and edited by Wilhelm Viëtor. London: Swan Sonnenschein / New York: MacMillan.
SWADESH, Morris (1947): “On the Analysis of English Syllabics”. Language 23, 137-50.
SWEET, Henry (1877): A handbook of phonetics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
SWEET, Henry: (1885): Elementarbuch des gesprochenen Englisch. London: Clarendon Press.
SWEET, Henry (1890a): A primer of phonetics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
SWEET, Henry (1890b): A Primer of Spoken English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
SWEET, Henry (1908): The Sounds of English: An introduction to phonetics: Oxford: Clarendon Press.
TRAGER, George & Bernard BLOCH (1941): “The Syllabic Phonemes of English”. Language 17, 223‑46.
TRAUTMANN, Moritz (1884): Die Sprachlaute im Allgemeinen und die Laute des englischen, französischen und deutschen im Besondern. Leipzig: Fock.
TRAUTMANN, Moritz (1901): Kleine Lautlehre des Deutschen, Französischen und Englischen. Bonn. Georgi.
TRUBETZKOY, Nicholai Sergeyevich (1933): “La phonologie actuelle”. Journal de psychologie normale et pathologique 30, 227-46. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
TRUBETZKOY, Nicholai Sergeyevich (1936a): “Essai d’une théorie des oppositions phonologiques”. Journal de psychologie normale et pathologique 33, 5-18. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
TRUBETZKOY, Nicholai Sergeyevich (1936b): “Die Aufhebung der phonologischen Gegensätze”. TCLP 6, 29‑45. Prague: Jednota českoslovensých matematiků a fysiků.
TRUBETZKOY, Nicholai Sergeyevich (1939): Grundzüge der Phonologie (= TCLP 7). Prague: Jednota českoslovensých matematiků a fysiků.
TRUBETZKOY, Nicholai Sergevich (1949): Principes de Phonologie. Transl. by J. Cantineau of Trubetzoy (1939). Paris: Klincksieck.
TRUBETZKOY, Nicholai Sergeyevich (1969): Principles of Phonology. Transl. by C. A. M. Baltaxe of Trubetzkoy (1939). Berkeley / Los Angeles: University of California Press.
TWADDELL, William Freeman (1939): Review of Trubetzkoy (1939). Acta Linguistica 1, 60‑3. Copenhagen. Einar Munksgaard.
TWADDELL, William Freeman (1942). “Phonemics”. Monatshefte für deutschen Unterricht 34, 261-8. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
UPTON, Clive (2001-2003): Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English. Oxford. Oxford University Press.
VAUX, Bert (2003): A survey conducted on the pronunciations of Mary, merry and marry in America. Harvard Dialect Study. Cambridge. Massachusetts.
Veiga, Alexandre (2004): “Le fonctionnement des oppositions phonologiques”. In Montserrat López Díaz & María Montes López (ed.), Perspectives fonctionnelles: emprunts, économie et variation dans les langues. Actes du XXVIIIe Colloque de la Société de linguistique fonctionnelle (Santiago de Compostela, Lugo). Lugo: Axac, 2006, 49-72.
Viëtor, Wilhelm: (1884): Elemente der Phonetik des Deutschen, Französischen und Englischen. Leipzig: Reisland.
Viëtor, Wilhelm (1885): German pronunciation: practice and theory. Heilbronn: Henninger Bros.
Viëtor, Wilhelm (1893a): Französische Lauttafel (System Viëtor). Marburg. Elwert.
Viëtor, Wilhelm (1893b): Deutsche Lauttafel (System Viëtor). Marburg: Elwert.
Viëtor, Wilhelm (1893c): Englische Lauttefel (System Viëtor). Marburg: Elwert.
Viëtor, Wilhelm (1899): Elements of phonetics: English, French and German. Transl. and adapted by W. Rippmann of Viëtor (1884). London: Dent.
Viëtor, Wilhelm (1902): Französische Lauttafel (System Viëtor). 2nd ed. Marburg: Elwert.
Viëtor, Wilhelm (1915): Kleine Phonetik des Deutschen, Englischen und Französischen. Bonn: Georgi.
WARD, Ida Caroline (1929): English Phonetics. Cambridge: Heffer.
WELLS, John Christopher (1994): “The Cockneyfication of R.P.”. In Gunnel Melchers & Nils‑Lennart Johannesson (eds.), Nonstandard varieties of language. Papers from the Stockholm Symposium, 11-13 April 1991. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wilksell International, 1994. ISBN 91-22-01635-X.
WELLS, John Christopher (1982): Accents of English Vol. 1. An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
WELLS, John Christopher (1990, 2000, 2008): Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
WINDSOR LEWIS, Jack (1972): A Concise Pronouncing Dictionary of British and American English: London. Oxford University Press.
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