Main Article Content

Santiago Navajas
Universidad de Granada
Spain
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0247-240X
Vol. 45 No. 1 (2026), Studies
https://doi.org/10.15304/ag.45.1.10562
Submitted: 2025-03-16 Published: 2026-07-02
Copyright How to Cite Cited by

Abstract

Friedrich Hayek warned in Road to Serfdom (1944) that state meddling through economic and political planning would lead to totalitarianism. Hayek feared that this was the unmistakable tendency in any kind of socialism. However, at the beginning of the 21st century, Hayek's path of servitude comes not from socialism, but from the capitalism he advocated as an alternative. Through the irruption of the algorithm paradigm in the heart of the system of free market economies, the totalitarian tendencies that Hayek contemplated in socialism seem to be also taking over cybercapitalism through the power concentrated in companies that dominate the information markets, such as Google (Gemini) or X (Grok), which apply Artificial Intelligence. We could call this new ecosystem turboliberalism. The analysis of these trends, as well as a proposal for action against them, is presented in the article.

Downloads

Downloads is not available yet

Article Details

References

Bostaph, S. (2013). “Driving the market process: “Alertness” versus innovation and “creative destruction””. The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, 16(4), pp. 421–458.

Byung-Chul, H. (2022). Infocracia, la digitalización y la crisis de la democracia. Madrid: Editorial Taurus.

Caldwell, B. (2002). “Hayek y la evolución cultural”, en U. Mäki (ed.), Fact and Fiction in Economics: Models, Realism and Social Construction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 285-303.

Cockshott, P. (1993). Towards a New Socialism. Nottingham: Spokesman Books.

Cockshott, P., y Nieto, M. (2017). Cibercomunismo. Planificación económica, comunismo y democracia. Madrid: Trotta.

Darrach, B. (1970). “Meet Shaky, The First Electronic Person”. Life, November 20, pp. 58B-68.

Giddens, A. (1999). La tercera vía. La renovación de la socialdemocracia. Madrid: Taurus.

Guillén, H. (2019). “La deshomogenización del discurso neoliberal: del ordoliberalismo alemán al ultraliberalismo austro-estadounidense”. Economía UNAM, 16(47), pp. 140-186.

Harvey, D. (2014). Diecisiete contradicciones y el fin del capitalismo. Quito: IAEN.

Hayek, F. (1970). “Los errores del constructivismo”. Revista del Centro de Estudios Públicos, 29.

Hayek, F. (1999 [1945]). “El uso del conocimiento en la sociedad”. Cuadernos de Economía, XVIII(30), pp. 331–345.

Hayek, F. (2008). Camino de servidumbre. Madrid: Unión Editorial.

Horwitz, J. (2024). Código roto. Los secretos más peligrosos de Facebook. Barcelona: Ariel.

Kahneman, D. et al. (2024). “Managing extreme AI risks amid rapid progress”. Science, 20 May.

Kurzweil, R. (2024). The Singularity Is Nearer: When We Merge With AI. London: Penguin.

Lange, O., y Taylor, F. M. (1938). On the Economic Theory of Socialism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Lasalle, J. M. (2019). Ciberleviatán: El colapso de la democracia liberal frente a la revolución digital. Madrid: Arpa.

Mises, L. von (1920). “El cálculo económico en la comunidad socialista”. Revista Procesos de Mercado, 17(2), pp. 353–388.

Moravec, H. (1988). Mind Children. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

O'Neill, J. (2007). Markets, Deliberation and Environment. London: Routledge.

Peters, B. (2016). How Not to Network a Nation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Rojas, M. (2005). Suecia después del modelo sueco: del estado benefactor al estado posibilitador. Buenos Aires: Fundación Cadal.

Schumpeter, J. (1996). Capitalismo, socialismo y democracia. Barcelona: Editorial Folio.

Sigman, M., y Bilinkis, S. (2023). Artificial: La nueva inteligencia y el contorno de lo humano. Barcelona: Deusto.

Slobodian, Q. (2025). Hayek’s bastards: Race, gold, IQ, and the capitalism of the far right. Brooklyn, NY: Zone Books.

Sloterdijk, P. (2000). Normas para el parque humano: Una breve crónica de la cultura del genoma. Madrid: Siruela.

Urrutia, M. (2019). “¿El mercado siempre tiene razón? Crítica de las ideas éticas, políticas y sociales del neoliberalismo de Friedrich Hayek”. Pensamiento, 72(274), pp. 1217-1245.

Wasserman, J. (2019). The Marginal Revolutionaries. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Zuboff, S. (2020). La era del capitalismo de la vigilancia. Barcelona: Paidós.